Bilan Economique 2016 Martinique
03-Jun-2017 situation économique de la Martinique en 2016 est ainsi exposée à ... Coordonné par l'Insee le Bilan économique 2016 de la Martinique ...
RESEARCH FOR REGI COMMITTEE - ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND
01-Feb-2016 Economic Social and Territorial Situation in Martinique. 3. TABLE OF CONTENTS ... Since 1st January 2016
World Economic Situation Prospects
30-Nov-2015 New York 2016. Page 3. The report is a joint product of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Af- fairs (UN/DESA)
Untitled
23-Mar-2021 2016. 2017. 2018. 2019. Martinique. France. 18. Martinique ... Les conséquences économiques de la crise sanitaire dans les Outre-mer.
Energy Policies of IEA Countries_France_2016_Review
11-Jul-2022 2.6 The administrative regions of France as of 1 January 2016 . ... Martinique Mayotte
LÉCONOMIE DE LA MARTINIQUE EN 2020 : « JE PLIE ET NE
L'activité se contracte en Martinique sous l'effet de la crise sanitaire 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020.
Realising the potential of the Outermost Regions for sustainable
Islands the situation is almost reversed
Un marché de lemploi plus dynamique dans lEspace Sud Martinique
05-Sept-2019 En 2016 la Martinique compte 131 200 emplois
Recreational fisheries economic impact assessment manual and its
FAO. 2016. Recreational fisheries economic impact assessment manual and its application in two study cases in the Caribbean: Martinique and The Bahamas
UNCTAD Creative Economy Outlook and Country Profile report (2018)
International Investment Position Manual presents revised and updated standards for concepts 34 2016 ITA Media and Entertainment Top Markets Report
Usine du galion - Guide de voyage en Martinique en famille
situation économique de la Martinique en 2016 est ainsi exposée à travers différents chapitres thématiques relatifs à l'activité régionale complétés de deux chapitres de cadrage consacrés à la conjoncture nationale et internationale
Quelle est l’économie de la Martinique ?
Pendant très longtemps, l’économie de la Martinique reposait presque exclusivement sur la culture et la transformation de la canne à sucre. Aujourd’hui, il ne reste qu’une seule sucrerie, celle du Galion qui est située sur la commune de la Trinité. De plus en plus de vacanciers sont curieux de connaître l’économie des endroits qu’ils visitent.
Quels sont les atouts de l’économie martiniquaise ?
la topographie et la forte densité de la population qui limitent l’extension de l’agriculture locale. En outre, l’économie martiniquaise peut être fragilisée en raison de la taille réduite de ses unités économiques : plus de 96% de ses établissements ont moins de 10 salariés et moins de 1% ont 50 salariés ou plus. 4. Des atouts à valoriser
Quels sont les secteurs de l'économie de la Martinique ?
Accueil > Économie de la Martinique. Le secteur tertiaire est prédominant (75 % des emplois), avec notamment un poids important du commerce, du secteur non-marchand, ainsi que du tourisme. L'agriculture, avec la banane, la canne à sucre, le rhum, le melon et l'ananas, fournit les principales exportations de la Martinique.
Quels sont les enjeu économique et social en Martinique en 2017?
Un enjeu économique et social fort Les associations en Martinique en 2017 16 La plupart des associations (plus de 85% en moyenne nationale) fonctionnent et se développent avec la seule ressource humaine bénévole.
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Energy Policies of IEA Countries
2016 Review
France
Energy Policies of IEA Countries
2016 Review
France
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was - and is - two-fold: to promote energy sec�urity amongst its membercountries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative
research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean e�nergy for its 29 member
countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of e�nergy co-operation among
its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equiva�lent to 90 days of its net imports.
The Agency's aims include the following objectives:Secure member countries' access to reliable and ample supplies of a�ll forms of energy; in particular,
through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of� oil supply disruptions.
Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and envi�ronmental protectionin a global context - particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-ga�s emissions that contribute
to climate change. Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future ene�rgy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved ener�gy ef�ciency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders.IEA member countries:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy Japan KoreaLuxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
SpainSweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
The European Commission
also participates in the work of the IEA.Please note that this publication
is subject to speci�c restrictions that limit its use and distribution.The terms and conditions are
available online at© OECD/IEA, 2017
International Energy Agency
Website: www.iea.org
Together
SecureSustainable
Table of contents
3TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................�.. 9
Progress and challenges ........................................................................�....................................... 9
Energy system transformation ........................................................................�........................... 10
Energy security ........................................................................�................................................... 12
Key recommendations ........................................................................�....................................... 13
PART I POLICY ANALYSIS ........................................................................�...............................15
2. GENERAL ENERGY POLICY.......................................................................�............................................... 17
Country overview ........................................................................�............................................... 17
Supply and demand ........................................................................�........................................... 18
Institutions ........................................................................�......................................................... 21
Key policies for the energy transition ........................................................................�................ 23
Financing the energy transition ........................................................................�......................... 25
Assessment ........................................................................�........................................................ 29
Recommendations ........................................................................�............................................. 31
References ........................................................................�......................................................... 31
3. CLIMATE CHANGE AN
D AIR QUALITY ........................................................................�............................ 33
Overview ........................................................................�............................................................ 33
Energy-related CO
2emissions ........................................................................�............................ 34
Institutions ........................................................................�......................................................... 36
Policies and measures ........................................................................�........................................ 37
Assessment ........................................................................�........................................................ 46
Recommendations ........................................................................�............................................. 48
References ........................................................................�......................................................... 48
4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ........................................................................�....................................................... 51
Final consumption of energy ........................................................................�............................. 51
Energy efficiency progress ........................................................................�................................. 54
In stitutional framework........................................................................�..................................... 55
Policies and measures ........................................................................�........................................ 56
Case study: Electrification of the transport sector .................................................................... 72
Assessment ........................................................................................................�........................ 78
Recommendations ........................................................................�............................................. 81
References ........................................................................�......................................................... 82 © OECD/IEA, 2017
Table of contents
4 PART II SECTOR ANALYS ........................................................................�.............................83
5. NATURAL GAS ........................................................................�................................................................ 85
Supply and
demand trends ........................................................................�................................ 85
Gas regulatory framework ........................................................................�................................. 87
Gas infrastructure ........................................................................�.............................................. 88
Gas market structure ........................................................................�......................................... 94
Gas prices and taxes
........................................................................�........................................... 97
Gas security of supply policy ........................................................................�.............................. 98
Assessment ........................................................................�........................................................ 99
Recommendations ........................................................................�...........................................101
References ........................................................................�.......................................................101
6. OIL ........................................................................�................................................................................103
Supply and demand trends ........................................................................�..............................103
Oil infrastructure ........................................................................�..............................................105
Oil retail market structure ........................................................................�...............................108
Oil security ........................................................................�.......................................................108
Oil prices and taxes ........................................................................�..........................................110
Assessment ........................................................................�......................................................111
Recommendations ........................................................................�..........................................112
References ........................................................................�.......................................................112
7. COAL ........................................................................�............................................................................113
Supply and
Demand trends ........................................................................�..............................113
Coal policies ........................................................................�.....................................................115
Assessment ........................................................................�......................................................115
References ........................................................................�.......................................................116
8. ELECTRICITY
Supply and demand ........................................................................�.........................................117
Institutions ........................................................................�.......................................................121
Industry structure ........................................................................�............................................122
Wholesale markets ........................................................................�..........................................124
Retail Market........................................................................�....................................................130
Security of electricity supply ........................................................................�............................135
Assessment ........................................................................�......................................................
141Recommendations ........................................................................�...........................................146
References ........................................................................�.......................................................147 © OECD/IEA, 2017
Table of contents
59. RENEWABLE E
NERGY ........................................................................�...................................................149
Supply and demand ........................................................................�.........................................149
Institutions ........................................................................�.......................................................151
Policies and measures ........................................................................�......................................152
Assessment ........................................................................�......................................................159
Recommendations ........................................................................�...........................................161
References ........................................................................�.......................................................161
10. NUCLEAR ENERGY ........................................................................�......................................................163
Overview ........................................................................�..........................................................163
Institutional framework
Historical background ........................................................................�......................................166
Economic aspects of nuclear electricity in France ...................................................................169
Nuclear safety ........................................................................�..................................................172
Fuel cycle activities ........................................................................�..........................................173
Nuclear waste management and decommissioning ................................................................174
Nuclear fission research and development ........................................................................�.....176
Assessment ........................................................................�......................................................177
Recommendations ........................................................................�...........................................179
References ........................................................................�.......................................................180
11. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION ...................................181
Overview ........................................................................�..........................................................181
Institutional framework
National policy framework for RD&D ........................................................................�..............183
Programmes and funding ........................................................................�.................................184
Private sector ........................................................................�...................................................185
Priorities ........................................................................�...........................................................186
International collaboration
Assessment ........................................................................�......................................................188
Recommendations ........................................................................�...........................................190
References ........................................................................�.......................................................190
PART III ANNEXES ........................................................................�....................................... 191
ANNEX A: Organisation of the review ........................................................................�.............................193
ANNEX B: Energy balances and key statistical data ........................................................................�........197
ANNEX C: International Energy Agency "Shared Goals" ........................................................................�.203
ANNE X D:Glossary and list of abbreviations ........................................................................�..................205
© OECD/IEA, 2017
Table of contents
6LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES and BOXES
FIGURES
2.1Map of France ........................................................................�........................................... 16
2.2TPES, 1973-2015 ........................................................................�........................................ 19
2.3 Breakdown of TPES in IEA member countries, 2015 ......................................................... 19
2.4 Energy production by source, 1973-2015 ........................................................................�. 20
2.5 TFC by sector, 1973-2014 ........................................................................�.......................... 21
2.6 The administrative regions of France as of 1 January 2016 .............................................. 22
3.1 CO
2emissions and main drivers in France, 1990-2014 ..................................................... 34
3.2 CO
2emissions by sector, 1973-2014 ........................................................................�......... 35
3.3 CO
2emissions by fuel, 1973-2014 ........................................................................�............. 35
3.4 Energy-related CO
2 emissions per unit of GDP in Franceand in other selected IEA member countries, 1973-2014 ................................................ 36
3.5Emissions of air pollutants, 2000-14 ........................................................................�......... 42
3.6Concentrations of air pollutants, 2000-14 ........................................................................� 42
4.1 TFC by sector with GDP and TFC growth rate, 1990-2014 ............................................... 51
4.2 TFC by sector and by source, 1973-2014 ........................................................................�.. 52
4.3 Energy intensity in France and in other selected IEA member countries, 1973-2015 ...... 53
4.4 TPES per capita in IEA member countries, 2015 ............................................................... 54
4.5 Changes in TFC broken down by activity, structure and efficiency effects, 1990-2014 ... 55
4.6 Savings in TFC from energy efficiency improvements by sector, 2014 ............................. 55
4.7 Changes in TFC in the residential sector broken down by activity,
structure and efficiency effects, 1990 2014..................................................................... 59
4.8 Energy consumption in households 1990-2013 ................................................................ 60
4.9 Energy intensities in the residential sector, index for 1990 (100%), 2008 and 2013........ 60
4.10 Energy intensities in the commercial sector, index for 1990 (100%), 2008 and 2013 ..... 61
4.11 Building codes for existing buildings and renovation work in France .............................. 63
4.12 Annual unit energy consumption of large appliances, index for 2005, 2010 and 2013 ... 65
4.13 Indust
ry sector (excluding non-energy use) changes in TFC broken down by activity,structure and efficiency effects, 1990-2014* ................................................................... 66
4.14 TFC in industry, by fuel and GDP (EUR), 2003 vs.2013 ..................................................... 67
4.15 Energy intensities in selected industries, 1990 (index 100%) and 2013 ........................... 67
4.16 Transport energy by subsector and mode/vehicle type, 2013 ......................................... 69
4.17 Changes in TFC in passenger transport broken down by activity,structure and efficiency effects, 1990-2014 .................................................................... 69
4.18 Changes in TFC in freight transport broken down by activity,structure and efficiency effects, 1990-2014 .................................................................... 70
4.19 Global electric vehicle fleet per country, 2005-15 ............................................................ 73
4.20 Electric charging point network ........................................................................�................ 75
5.1France's natural gas imports by country, 1990-2015 ........................................................ 86
5.2Natural gas demand by sector, 1973-2014 ....................................................................... 87
5.3Map of high-pressure natural gas infrastructure .............................................................. 91
5.4Trends in quarterly wholesale gas and oil prices, 2009-16 ............................................... 94
5.5Gas market opening
in France, 2015 ........................................................................�......... 96 © OECD/IEA, 2017
Table of contents
7 5.6Gas prices in IEA member countries, 2015 ....................................................................... 97
5.7 Gas prices in France and in selected IEA member countries, 1980-2015 ........................ 98 6.1Crude oil imports by source, 1974
20156.2 Oil demand (in terms of TPES) by consuming sector, 1973-2014 ..................................105 6.3
Oil consumption by product, 2014 ........................................................................�.........105
6.4Map of oil infrastructure in France, 2014 ......................................................................107
6.5Fuel prices in IEA member countries, first quarter 2016 ...............................................110
7.1Hard coal imports by country source, 1990-2015 ..........................................................114
7.2Coal demand by sector, 1973
2014 ........................................................................�........114
8.1Electricity generation in France by source, 1973-2015 ..................................................118
8.2 Electricity generation by source in IEA member countries, 2015 ..................................118 8.3Electricity consumption by sector, 1973-2014 ...............................................................120
8.4Electricity peak demand, 2001-12 ........................................................................�..........120
8.5 Net electricity imports to and exports from France, 1990-2015 ...................................121 8.6France's electri
city transmission network ......................................................................1238.7 Comparison of annual wholesale electricity prices
on European exchanges, 2005-2015 ........................................................................�.......127
8.8The functioning of the French capacity market ..............................................................128
8.9 Market share of alternative and historic suppliers (31 March 2016) .............................131
8.10Electricity prices in
France and in other selected IEA member countries, 1980-2015 ...1338.11 Electricity prices in IEA member countries,
2015 ...........................................................133
8.12 Winter capacity margins 2015 versus 2016 ....................................................................139
9.1Renewable energy as a percentage of TPES, 1973-2015 ................................................149
9.2 Renewable energy as a percentage of TPES in France andin IEA member countries, 2015 ........................................................................�...............151
9.3 Electricity generation from renewable sources as a percentage of all generationin France and in IEA member countries, 2015 ................................................................151
9.4 Contribution to electricity public service 2003-15 (2016-25 projected increase) ..........153 9.5 Reform of the financing of renewable energy (ENR) and the energy transition ............155 9.6 The new renewable support scheme (direct marketing with market premium)in France ........................................................................�..................................................156
10.1 Share of nuclear power in electricity generation in France, 1973-2015 .........................167
10.2 History of commissioning PWRs in France, 1977-99 .......................................................167
10.3 Historic CO
2 emissions per kWh among IEA member countries .....................................16811.1 Programme for Investment in the Future:
breakdown of the energy budget (in million EUR) .........................................................184
11 .2 Government energy RD&D spending as a ratio of GDPin IEA member countries, 2014 ........................................................................�...............185
11.3 Government energy RD&D spending, including demonstration, in France, 2004-14 ....185
11.4 Funding streams and institutions for public RD&D .........................................................187
11.5 Participation in IEA Technology Collaboration Programmes (TCPs)
...............................188 © OECD/IEA, 2017Table of contents
8 T ABLES2.1 Domestic taxes on energy products (in eurocents) .......................................................... 27
3.1 Low-carbon strategy and sector-specific GHG targets: Policies and measures ................ 39 4.1 Expected sectoral distribution of total final energy consumption (TFC)in 2020 and 2030 ........................................................................�...................................... 56
4.2 Tax incentives for the promotion of energy efficiency ..................................................... 58
4.3Summary of benefits and barriers for EV market development ....................................... 73
4.4IEA 25 energy efficiency recommendations ...................................................................... 76
5.1LNG terminals in France, 2015 ........................................................................�.................. 90
5.2Storage facilities in France ........................................................................�........................ 93
6.1National oil products storage capacities ........................................................................�.106
8.1 Electricity generating capacity by source, 2010-14 (MW) ..............................................119
8.2 Security of supply adequacy assessment (baseline scenario) with and withoutinterconnections ........................................................................�.....................................138
9.1 Renewable electricity generating capacity, 2000-14 (MW) ............................................150
9.2 Expansion plans for cumulative renewable energy installed capacityby technology (in GW) ........................................................................�............................155
9.3Overview of the investments of the Heat Fund (2009-14) .............................................157
11.1 Global ranking of France's energy sector R&D spending, 2013 ......................................186
BOXES 3.1The Paris Agreement ........................................................................�................................. 38
3.2Addressing air pollution in Paris ........................................................................�................ 43
4.1White certificates ........................................................................�...................................... 57
4.2The bonus-malus scheme ........................................................................�.......................... 71
8.1Hydropower concessions in France ........................................................................�.........125
8.2 Security of electricity supply in the winter 2016-17 .......................................................140 © OECD/IEA, 2017
1. Excecutive Summary and key recommendations
91. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES
During the seven years since the last International Energy Agency (IEA) in-depth review, the French government has set in motion significant reforms towards more secure, affordable and sustainable energy supplies and the green growth of its economy. France has witnessed the full decoupling of its energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO 2 emissions from economic and population growth. Total energy supply and consumption as well as CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion have declined sharply over the past decade. The carbon intensity of the French economy is half the IEA average and has decreased by almost 30% below its level in 2004 (versus an IEA average decline of -20% during the same period). Outside transport, CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion have been falling fast. Since 2012, 3.3 gigawatts (GW) of coal-fired capacity was closed, and the remaining oil -fired power plants are planned to be phased out. Energy savings in residential and industrial demand and reduced fossil fuel combustion have contributed to reduced energy supply and consumption in France. A top priority for France has been to address climate change concerns. As host of the United Nations' 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in December 2015, France demonstrated its domestic and international leadership in guiding societal dialogue towards climate change mitigation. At home, France has developed an ambitious and integrated energy and climate policy framework for the energy transition towards 2030 and has adopted significant new policies, including carbon budget/pricing instruments, tax incentives and considerable public funding towards implementing it. The energy system transformation that France is undertaking entails significant structural changes for the energy sector through greater energy efficiency, larger contributions fr om renewable energies while ensuring the continuous low-carbon nature and security of its electricity supply and the safe operation of France's ageing nuclear fleet. The state, energy markets, industry and consumers will need to finance the investments required for the energy transition. Électricité de France (EDF)'s so-called Grand Carénage is a refurbishment and safety upgrades programme required for the long-term operation of its fleet. Its cost (capital expenditures [CAPEX]) was updated in 2015 by EDF to EUR 47.5 billion over the period 2014-25 (in constant euros of 2015). The electricity industry is undergoing considerable financial challenges, but the restructuring and rec apitalisation by the state should ensure that resources and capabilities are available to also finance the energy transition. While the energy system transformation will strengthen energy security, green growth and affordability in the longer term, this transformation has implications for maintaining energy security in the short to medium term given the ageing of the nuclear fleet. It is therefore welcome that France is encouraging demand response and will be starting a capacity market in 2017 with a viewto ensuring power system adequacy at peak demand and integrating larger shares of © OECD/IEA, 2017
1. Executive summary and key recommendations
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