[PDF] Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin America

View - Download Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin America

Previous PDF

Next PDF

GIOVANNA flFRANÇA

DANILO flFREIRE

UMBERTO flMIGNOZZETTI

editors Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin America Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin America

GIOVANNA flFRANÇA

DANILO flFREIRE

UMBERTO flMIGNOZZETTI

editors

HEITOR flBORGES

CATARINA flROMAN

IAGO flRONDELLO

research assistants Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin America

21 Latin America Climate

Policy: an Analysis of the

Nationally Determined

Contributions (NDCs) from

Argentina, Brazil, and Chile

JOÃO PAULO VEIGA

MIRIAM LIA GARCIA

45

A new Global Resource

Order, Elites and the

Environment in Latin

America

BENEDICTE BULL

75

Alternative Incentives to

Environmental Compliance

and Maintenance of

Ecosystem Service

Provision

GABRIELA DUARTE

RAFAELA SILVA

JULIA ASSIS

FÁBIO BARROS

93

Geopolitics and Forestry

Finance: a Look at the

Amazon Rainforest

KATERINA ELIAS-TROSTMANN

119 Geopolitics of

Renewables: a New

Dawn is Coming.

Will Brazil be a Pioneer?

TATIANA SILVA

141 From Biofuels

to Boomerangs:

Critical Reections

on Latin American

Approaches to

Energy and Climate

Security, the cases

of Brazil, Argentina and Colombia

LUIS PAULO SILVA

LARRY SWATUK

161 The Fundamentals of Oil Market Geopolitics

FERNANDA DELGADO

189 Climate Security

in Latin America and the Caribbean:

Crime, Social Unrest

and, Interstate Conict

MATÍAS FRANCHINI

EDUARDO VIOLA

211

Modes of Lithium Ex-

traction in Argentina:

Mining Politics in Cata

marca, Jujuy, and Salta

LUCAS GONZÁLEZ

RICHARD SNYDER

235

Hydropower and

Environmental

Conicts in Latin

America

SALEEM ALI

RICARDO LLAMAS

6 Preface

GIOVANNA FRANÇA

DANILO FREIRE

UMBERTO MIGNOZZETTI

9

Introduction

GIOVANNA FRANÇA

DANILO FREIRE

UMBERTO MIGNOZZETTI

part I

Governance

and Compliance part II

Implementation:

A Look into

Renewable energies

part III

Con?ict and

Social Tensions

67

Natural Resources and Policy Choices in Latin

America

Geopolitics of

Renewable Energies in Latin America: A Survey

Report

Preface

GIOVANNA FRANÇA, DANILO FREIRE, UMBERTO MIGNOZZETTI

References

9

In the early s, the discovery of off-

shore oil reserves in Brazil, shale gas in

Argentina, and crude oil in Colombia led

policy-makers to believe that Latin Ameri- ca could be the world"s next energy frontier (O"Neil ). Governments embarked in large infrastructure projects to expand resource extraction capacities, increasing the role of state companies while courting foreign rms such as the China National

Petroleum Corporation (Tissot ). The

massive inow of energy and commodity revenues opened scal space for progres sive governments to implement new social protection programmes, which contributed to a signicant reduction in poverty levels across the region (Gaylord ). Fast eco- nomic growth also boosted the optimism of local and international elites, who be lieved Latin America was about to enter a cycle of sustained social development and political stability (The Economist ;

Casas-Zamora ).

These hopes did not materialise. The two

global nancial crises and state mismanage- ment of energy resources brought the ambi tious infrastructure plans to a halt (Mazzuca

; Pappas ; Schamis ). At the same time, political tensions in Venezuela severely impacted its oil production and

caused an unprecedented refugee crisis in South America (Page et al. ; Visci di ). Moreover, governments faced a backlash as activists strongly opposed the move towards increasing reliance on fos sil fuels. Non-governmental organisations stressed that investing in non-renewable energy sources was not only damaging to regional ecosystems, but also at odds with climate change agreements Latin American countries had already agreed to participate in (Hogenboom ; Vásquez ).

The failed attempt to boost economic de-

velopment with fossil fuel revenues has ex- posed deeper problems in Latin American"s management of natural resources. Although the literature points to several impediments to the implementation of sustainable ener- gy policies in Latin America, three of them are particularly salient: inadequate environ- mental compliance, economic challenges in the transition to renewable sources, and the neglectful treatment of indigenous rights.

While these issues are neither new nor

unique to Latin America, they have become more acute in the past decades.

Introduction

GIOVANNA FRANÇA is an international relations analyst with focus on political science. She holds a BA in International Relations from the University of São Pau- lo. She has studied at the

Institut d'Études Politiques de Lyon

(Sciences Po Lyon) and at the école of the Institut de Relations Internationales et Strategiques (IRIS Sup"). Giovanna França is a Research Assistant at the Getulio Vargas Foun dation and a fellow at the Brazilian Centre of Analysis and Planning (CEBRAP). She also has working experience on democratic crises in Latin America, migra tion issues, and geopolitics. Her research interests include sustainable devel- opment, foreign policy, international political economy, and political behaviour. DANILO FREIRE is a political scientist and data analyst. He holds a PhD in Po- litical Economy from King"s College London, a Master"s Degree in International Relations from the Graduate Institute Geneva, and is a former postdoctoral re search associate in The Political Theory Project at Brown University. His research focuses on understanding how developing countries solve problems of collective action and political violence. His research has been sponsored by Google, the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, the Getulio Vargas Foundation, and the Brazilian Ministry of Education. Danilo Freire is also a member of the Evidence in Governance and Politics (EGAP) research group. UMBERTO MIGNOZZETTI is a Visiting Assistant Professor at the Department of Quantitative Theory and Meth- ods, Emory University. He holds a PhD from New York University and is a member of the Evidence in Governance and Politics (EGAP) network. His work has appeared in journals such as Dados, Journal of Experimental Political Science, Opiniao Publica, and Research and Politics. His research focuses on comparative political economy and compar ative politics of developing countries. You can nd more about his work at www.umbertomig.com.

10Danilo Freire, Giovanna França, Umberto Mignozzetti11Introduction

It is unclear how Latin American govern-

ments will resolve these questions. Regard- ing environmental compliance, countries are yet to present clear plans about how they are going to preserve their biodiversity in the face of rising energy consumption de- mands. The Inter-American Development

Bank (

) estimates that by the primary energy demand in Latin America will be % higher than in , while elec- tricity requirements are expected to rise by % (Balza, Espinasa, and Serebrisky ). Meeting this demand would require an increase in supply equivalent to build- ing hydropower dams the size of Itaipu, the second largest power plant in the world (Balza, Espinasa, and Serebrisky , ).

However, energy plants often bring consid-

erable environmental degradation, and gov- ernments are under pressure from interna- tional organisations and the civil society to reduce the impact of massive infrastructure works. The construction of the Belo Mon- te dam in Northern Brazil exemplies the challenges that lie ahead with regards to ex- panding Latin America"s energy production without causing environmental harm. The project took eight years to complete after long judicial disputes, and it raised signi cant controversy due to its disregard for the preservation of local biodiversity and the emission of greenhouse gases (Fainguelernt ; Santos et al. ).

Latin America"s troubled relationship

with oil will also be under closer scrutiny in the next years. Despite the fact that Latin

American countries are rich in renewable en-

ergy sources, the oil sector provides an im- portant share of government revenues in Ec uador, Mexico, and Venezuela, so politicians have an incentive to invest in fossil fuels to balance public budgets or to distribute oil rents as patronage to allies (Monaldi ;

Papyrakis and Pellegrini ). This stands

in contrast with recent advances in renew- able energy generation and storage technol ogies, which have decreased substantially in price over the last years (Grith-Jones et al. ). Additionally, the sharp drop in oil prices from onwards indicates that renewables can be more cost-eective than they had been (Khan et al. ). In this re- spect, Latin America oil reserves are at risk of becoming stranded assets with little to no commercial value (Ansari and Holz ;

Khan et al. ). As a result, disputes be

tween groups who want a faster transition to renewable energy and those who argue for further investment in fossil fuels will contin- ue to mark the near future of Latin America.

The third issue we believe will contin-

ue to impact the environmental debates in Latin America is that of social tensions surrounding extraction and construction projects. Land disputes have been remark ably violent in Latin America, and clashes between mining companies and indigenous communities have intensied in Argentina,

Brazil, and the Andean countries (Haslam

and Tanimoune ; Riofrancos ;

Svampa ). Big miners often fail to com

ply with social and environmental standards, and local populations complain they have not received a fair compensation for the damages caused by extraction projects (The

Economist ). These conicts arise at a

time when the covid- pandemic has badly hit poor communities in Latin America and the economic downturn has forced compa- nies to temporarily shut down mining oper ations (Alexia Ash ; Attwood, Davalos, and Millard ).

This book provides an in-depth discus-

sion of the challenges of natural resource management in Latin America. The contrib- utors to this volume take a multidisciplinary perspective to the questions of resource governance, conservation, energy transition, and environmental conict we have outlined above. Taken together, the chapters make a compelling case for scholars and policy-mak- ers to put environmental problems at the top of their political agendas. While the authors do not claim to provide denitive answers to these complex issues, they do provide a use- ful guide for practitioners and newcomers to think rigorously about them.

The ten chapters included here are di-

vided into three parts: (i) Governance and

Compliance; (ii) Implementation: A Look

into Renewable Energy Experiences; and (iii) Conict and Social Tensions. In chap ter , João Paulo Cândia Veiga and Miriam

Lia Garcia analyse how Latin American

countries comply with climate change mit igation agreements. On the verge of the

United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change Conference of the Parties

), they evaluate the progress of

Argentine, Brazilian, and Chilean Nation

ally Determined Contributions ( s).

The authors also describe the institutional

12Danilo Freire, Giovanna França, Umberto Mignozzetti13Introduction

framework these countries designed to im- plement and review their s, and discuss three challenges for preparation pro- cess, namely agenda-setting, policy coordi- nation, and knowledge and capacity.

In chapter , Benedicte Bull provides a

theory to understand the behaviour of Lat- in American decision-makers with regards to resource exploitation. She proposes a typology of elite types based on how these groups interact with states and institutions, distinguishing between particularistic elites, national elites and institutional elites. Bull notes that Latin American elites have been notably pragmatic in regards to their rela- tionship with China, who has played a major role in the current global order, and that the impact of Chinese investment in the region varies substantially. The author argues the elite type is a strong indicator of whether

Latin American actors will try to balance

the relationship with the emerging Asian superpower, but she highlights that elites seem not to be motivated by environmental concerns in the region.

Elites may also chance their behaviour

given their incentives to invest in renewable energy and to enhance environmental com pliance. In most Latin American countries, environmental legislation imposes rules for the conservation of natural ecosys tems in agricultural areas, a stronghold of traditional elites in the region. In chapter , Rafaela da Silva, Gabriela Duarte, Julia

Assis, and Fábio Barros study the strategies

the Brazilian state has pursued to protect natural vegetation in private agricultural land. Since landowners often disrespect the legal limits to deforestation, the Brazilian state has developed alternative mechanisms other than command and control to en- force compliance. Authorities have tested, among other approaches, the creation of natural heritage private reserves, and the compensation of conservation eorts and of ecosystem services programs. The authorsquotesdbs_dbs25.pdfusesText_31

[PDF] Bene 2010 auto - Escrime Mennecy

[PDF] Beneath the sea ice

[PDF] Benedicite gentes Roland de Lassus (1532 - Cadeaux

[PDF] Bénédict César NANA CHE Sous l`encadrement d dict

[PDF] Bénédicte BOYER et Benjamin MARGEAULT - France

[PDF] Bénédicte Décary - Agence Artistique Duchesne

[PDF] Bénédicte François, néerlandophone d`origine, maman de 3 enfants

[PDF] Bénédicte H. Apouey

[PDF] Bénédicte Hersen

[PDF] Bénédicte Lassalle - Agence révélateur

[PDF] Bénédicte Mosimann - Santé Et Remise En Forme

[PDF] Bénédiction - Club Miata du Grand Montréal

[PDF] Bénédiction de la mer. Dans les courreaux hier.

[PDF] Bénédiction de l`orgue

[PDF] BENEDICTION DE MARIAGE Musique sans chant - Anciens Et Réunions