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Designing Household Survey Samples: Practical Guidelines
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Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Statistics Division
Studies in Methods Series F No.98
Designing Household Survey Samples: Practical Guidelines LogoUnited Nations
New York, 2005
NOTE Symbols of the United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures.ST/ESA/STAT/SER.F/98
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
Sales No.
ISBNCopyright @ United Nations 2005
All rights reserved
The Department of Economic and Social Affairs o f the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Members States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. iPreface The main purpose of the handbook is to include in one publication the main sample survey design issues that can conveniently be referred to by practicing national statisticians, researchers and analysts involved in sample survey work and activities in countries. Methodologically sound techniques that are grounded in statistical theory are used in the handbook, implying the use of probability sampling at each stage of the sample selection process. A well designed household survey which is properly implemented can generate necessary information of sufficient quality and accuracy with speed and at a relatively low cost. The contents of the handbook can also be used, in part, as a training guide for introductory courses in sample survey design at various statistical training institutions that offer courses in applied statistics, especially survey methodology. In addition, the handbook has been prepared to complement other publications dealing with sample survey methodology issued by the United Nations, such as the recent publication on Household Surveys in Developing and Transitional Countries and the series under the NationalHousehold Survey Capability Programme (NHSCP).
More specifically, the objectives of the Handbook are to: a. Provide, in one publication, basic concepts and methodologically sound procedures for designing samples for, in particular, national-level household surveys, emphasizing applied aspects of household sample design; b. Serve as a practical guide for survey practitioners in designing and implementing efficient household sample surveys; c. Illustrate the interrelationship of sample design, data collection, estimation, processing and analysis; d. Highlight the importance of controlling and reducing nonsampling errors in household sample surveys. While having a sampling background is helpful in using the handbook, other users with a general knowledge of statistical and mathematical concepts should also be able to use and apply the handbook with little or no assistance. This is because one of the key aims of the handbook is to present material in a practical, hands-on format as opposed to stressing the theoretical aspects of sampling. Theoretical underpinnings are, however, provided when necessary. It is expected that a basic understanding of algebra is all that is needed to follow the presentation easily and to apply the techniques. Accordingly, numerous examples are provided to illustrate the concepts, methods and techniques. In the preparation of this handbook the United Nations Statistics Division was assisted by Mr. Anthony Turner, Sampling Consultant, who drafted chapters 3 to 5 and finally reviewed the consolidated document. Mr. Ibrahim Yansaneh, Deputy Chief of Cost of living Division of the International Civil Service Commission, drafted chapters 6 and 7 and Mr. Maphion Jambwa, Technical Adviser, Southern African Development Community Secretariat, drafted chapter 9. The draft chapters were reviewed by an Expert Group Meeting organized, in New York, by the iiUnited Nations Statistics Division from 3 to 5 December 2003. List of experts is given in theAppendix.
iiiChapter 1......................................................................................................................................... 1
Sources of Data for Social and Demographic Statistics................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Data sources................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Household surveys.........................................................................................................1
1.2.2 Population and housing censuses................................................................................... 4
1.2.3 Administrative records...................................................................................................5
1.2.4 Complementarities of the three data sources................................................................. 6
1.2.5 Concluding remarks.......................................................................................................7
References and further reading....................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 2......................................................................................................................................... 9
Planning and Execution of Surveys................................................................................................ 9
2.1 Planning of surveys......................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Objectives of a survey....................................................................................................9
2.1.2 Survey universe............................................................................................................ 10
2.1.3. Information to be collected......................................................................................... 10
2.1.4 Survey budget .............................................................................................................. 11
2. 2. Execution of surveys.....................................................................................................16
2.2.1 Data collection methods............................................................................................... 16
2.2.2 Questionnaire design.................................................................................................... 18
2.2.3 Tabulation and analysis plan........................................................................................ 20
2.2.4 Implementation of field work ...................................................................................... 21
References and further reading..................................................................................................... 26
Chapter 3....................................................................................................................................... 27
Sampling Strategies ...................................................................................................................... 27
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... 27
3.1.1 Overview...................................................................................................................... 27
3.1.2 Glossary of sampling and related terms....................................................................... 28
3.1.3 Notations...................................................................................................................... 31
3. 2 Probability sampling versus other sampling methods for household surveys.............. 32
3.2.1 Probability sampling.................................................................................................... 32
3.2.2 Non-probability sampling methods.............................................................................. 34
3.3 Sample size determination for household surveys........................................................ 36
3.3.1 Magnitudes of survey estimates................................................................................... 37
3.3.2 Target population......................................................................................................... 37
3.3.3 Precision and statistical confidence............................................................................. 38
3.3.4 Analysis groups - domains........................................................................................... 39
3.3.5 Clustering effects......................................................................................................... 41
3.3.6 Adjusting sample size for anticipated non-response.................................................... 42
3.3.7 Sample size for master samples................................................................................... 42
3.3.8 Estimating change or level........................................................................................... 43
3.3.9 Survey budget .............................................................................................................. 43
3.3.10 Sample size calculation.............................................................................................. 44
3.4 Stratification.................................................................................................................. 46
iv3.4.1 Stratification and sample allocation............................................................................. 47
3.4.2 Rules of stratification................................................................................................... 48
3.4.3 Implicit stratification.................................................................................................... 49
3.5 Cluster sampling...........................................................................................................50
3.5.1 Characteristics of cluster sampling.............................................................................. 51
3.5.2 Cluster design effect..................................................................................................... 51
3.5.3 Cluster size................................................................................................................... 53
3.5.4 Calculating deff............................................................................................................ 54
3.5.5 Number of clusters.......................................................................................................54
3.6 Sampling in stages........................................................................................................ 54
3.6.1 Benefits of sampling in stages ..................................................................................... 54
3.6.2 Use of dummy stages................................................................................................... 55
3.6.3 The two-stage design ................................................................................................... 58
3.7 Sampling with probability proportional to size (PPS).................................................. 60
3.7.1 PPS sampling............................................................................................................... 60
3.7.2 PPES sampling (probability proportional to estimated size)....................................... 63
3.8 Options in sampling...................................................................................................... 65
3.8.1 Epsem, PPS, fixed-size, fixed-rate sampling............................................................... 65
3.8.2 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) ..................................................................... 69
3.8.3 Modified Cluster Design - Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) ..................... 70
3.9 Special topics - two-phase samples and sampling for trends....................................... 72
3.9.1 Two-phase sampling.................................................................................................... 72
3.9.2 Sampling to estimate change or trend.......................................................................... 74
3.10 When implementation goes wrong............................................................................... 77
3.10.1 Target population definition and coverage................................................................ 77
3.10.2 Sample size too large for survey budget.................................................................... 78
3.10.3 Cluster size larger or smaller than expected.............................................................. 78
3.10.4 Handling non-response cases..................................................................................... 79
3.11 Summary guidelines...................................................................................................... 79
References and further reading..................................................................................................... 81
Chapter 4....................................................................................................................................... 83
Sampling Frames and Master Samples......................................................................................... 83
4.1 Sampling frames in household surveys......................................................................... 83
4.1.1 Definition of sample frame.......................................................................................... 83
4.1.2 Properties of sampling frames ..................................................................................... 84
4.1.3 Area frames.................................................................................................................. 86
4.1.4 List frames ................................................................................................................... 87
4.1.5 Multiple frames............................................................................................................ 88
4.1.6 Typical frame(s) in two-stage designs......................................................................... 89
4.1.7 Master sample frames .................................................................................................. 90
4.1.8 Common problems of frames and suggested remedies................................................ 90
4.2 Master sampling frames................................................................................................ 94
4.2.1 Definition and use of a master sample......................................................................... 94
4.2.2 Ideal characteristics of PSUs for a master sample frame............................................. 94
4.2.3 Use of master samples to support surveys................................................................... 95
4.2.4 Allocation across domains (administrative regions, etc.)............................................ 97
v4.2.5 Maintenance and updating of master samples............................................................. 98
4.2.6 Rotation of PSUs in master samples............................................................................ 98
4.2.7 Country examples of master samples ........................................................................ 100
4.3 Summary guidelines.................................................................................................... 106
References and further reading................................................................................................... 108
Chapter 5..................................................................................................................................... 109
Documentation and Evaluation of Sample Designs.................................................................... 109
5.0 Introduction................................................................................................................. 109
5.1 Need for, and types of, sample documentation and evaluation.................................. 109
5.2 Labels for design variables......................................................................................... 110
5.3 Selection probabilities................................................................................................. 112
5.4 Response rates and coverage rates at various stages of sample selection................... 112
5.5 Weighting: base weights, non-response and other adjustments.................................. 113
5.6 Information on sampling costs.................................................................................... 114
5.7 Evaluation - limitations of survey data ...................................................................... 115
5.8 Summary guidelines.................................................................................................... 117
References and further reading................................................................................................... 118
Chapter 6..................................................................................................................................... 119
Construction and Use of Sample Weights.................................................................................. 119
6.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 119
6.2 Need for sampling weights......................................................................................... 119
6.2.1 Overview.................................................................................................................... 120
6.3 Development of sampling weights.............................................................................. 120
6.3.1 Adjustments of sample weights for unknown eligibility........................................... 121
6.3.2 Adjustments of sample weights for duplicates .......................................................... 122
6.4 Weighting for unequal probabilities of selection........................................................ 123
6.4.1 Case study in construction of weights: Vietnam National Health Survey 2001....... 127
6.4.2 Self-weighting samples...................................................................................................... 128
6.5 Adjustment of sample weights for non-response........................................................ 128
6.5.1 Reducing non-response bias in household surveys.................................................... 129
6.5.2 Compensating for non-response ................................................................................ 129
6.5.3 Non-response adjustment of sample weights............................................................. 130
6.6 Adjustment of sample weights for non-coverage....................................................... 132
6.6.1 Sources of non-coverage in household surveys......................................................... 133
6.6.2 Compensating for non-coverage in household surveys............................................. 134
6.7 Increase in sampling variance due to weighting......................................................... 135
6.8 Trimming of Weights.................................................................................................. 136
6.9 Concluding Remarks................................................................................................... 138
References and further reading................................................................................................... 140
Chapter 7..................................................................................................................................... 141
Estimation of Sampling Errors for Survey Data......................................................................... 141
7.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 141
7.1.1 Sampling error estimation for complex survey data.................................................. 141
7.1.2 Overview of the chapter............................................................................................. 142
7.2 Sampling variance under simple random sampling.................................................... 143
7.3 Other measures of sampling error............................................................................... 149
vi7.3.1 Standard error............................................................................................................. 149
7.3.2 Coefficient of variation.............................................................................................. 149
7.3.3 Design effect.............................................................................................................. 150
7.4 Calculating sampling variance for other standard designs ......................................... 150
7.4.1 Stratified sampling..................................................................................................... 150
7.4.2 Single-stage cluster sampling .................................................................................... 153
7.5 Common features of household survey sample designs and data............................... 154
7.5.1 Deviations of household survey designs from simple random sampling................. 154
7.5.2 Preparation of data files for analysis.......................................................................... 154
7.5.3 Types of Survey Estimates......................................................................................... 155
7.6 Guidelines for presentation of information on sampling errors.................................. 156
7.6.1 Determining what to report........................................................................................ 156
7.6.2 How to report sampling error information................................................................. 157
7.6.3 Rule of thumb in reporting standard errors................................................................ 157
7.7 Methods of variance estimation for household surveys.............................................. 158
7.7.1 Exact methods............................................................................................................158
7.7.2 Ultimate cluster method............................................................................................. 159
7.7.3 Linearization approximations .................................................................................... 163
7.7.4 Replication................................................................................................................. 165
7.7.5 Some replication techniques...................................................................................... 167
7.8 Pitfalls of using standard statistical software packages to analyze household survey data 172
7.9 Computer software for sampling error estimation...................................................... 174
7.10 General comparison of software packages ................................................................. 177
7.11 Concluding remarks.................................................................................................... 177
References and further reading................................................................................................... 179
Chapter 8..................................................................................................................................... 181
Nonsampling Errors in Household Surveys................................................................................ 181
8.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 181
8.2 Bias and variable error............................................................................................... 182
8.2.1 Variable component................................................................................................... 184
8.2.2 Systematic error (bias)............................................................................................... 185
8.2.3 Sampling bias............................................................................................................. 185
8.2.4 Further comparison of bias and variable error........................................................... 185
8.3 Sources of nonsampling error..................................................................................... 186
8.4 Components of nonsampling error.............................................................................. 186
8.4.1 Specification error......................................................................................................186
8.4.2 Coverage or frame error............................................................................................. 187
8.4.3 Non-response .............................................................................................................189
8.4.4 Measurement error..................................................................................................... 190
8.4.5 Processing errors........................................................................................................191
8.4.6 Errors of estimation.................................................................................................... 191
8.5 Assessing nonsampling error...................................................................................... 192
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