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Berichte des Meteorologischen Institutes

Nr. 12

A. Matzarakis, C. R. de Freitas and D. Scott

(Eds.)

Advances in Tourism Climatology

Freiburg, November 2004

2

ISSN 1435-618X

Übersetzung vorbehalten.

Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Helmut Mayer und PD Dr. Andreas Matzarakis

Werderring 10, D-79085 Freiburg

Tel.: 0049/761/203-3590; Fax: 0049/761/203-3586

e-mail: meteo@meteo.uni-freiburg.de http://www.mif.uni-freiburg.de Dokumentation: Ber. Meteor. Inst. Univ. Freiburg Nr. 12, 2004, 259 S. 3

CONTENTS

Page

Acknowledgements

5 Tourism and recreation climatology. A. Matzarakis, C. R. de Freitas, D. Scott 6 Mapping the thermal bioclimate of Austria for health and recreation tourism.

A. Matzarakis, M. Zygmuntowski, E. Koch, E. Rudel

10 A new generation climate index for tourism and recreation. C. R. de Freitas, D. Scott and G. McBoyle 19 Estimation and comparison of the hourly discomfort conditions along the Mediterranean basin for touristic purposes. Ch. Balafoutis, D. Ivanova and T. Makrogiannis 27
Weather and recreation at the Atlantic shore near Lisbon, Portugal: A study on applied local Climatology. M. J. Alcoforado, H. Andrade and M.J. Viera Paulo 38
Impact of Climate Change on Recreation and Tourism in Michigan. S. Nicholls and

C. Shih

49
Climate change: The impact on tourism comfort at three Italian tourist sites. M. Morabito, A. Crisci, G. Barcaioli and G. Maracchi 56
Trends of thermal bioclimate and their application for tourism in Slovenia. T. Cegnar and A. Matzarakis 66
Variation and trends of thermal comfort at the Adriatic coast. K. Zaninovic and

A. Matzarakis

74
The impacts of global climate change on water resources and tourism: The responses of Lake Balaton and Lake Tisza. T. Rátz and I. Vizi 82
Climate change and the ski industry in eastern north America: A reassessment. D. Scott,

G. McBoyle, B. Mills and A. Minogue

90
Approaches to offsetting greenhouse gas emissions from tourism. P. Hart, S. Becken, and I. Turney 97

Patterson and R. Richardson

105
Methods of sensitivity analysis to assess impacts of climate change on tourism at the regional scale. C. R. de Freitas 116
Alternative futures for coastal and marine tourism in England and Wales. M.C. Simpson and D. Viner 123
4 Evaluation of the potential economic impacts of climate change on Caribbean tourism Industries. M.C. Uyarra, I.M. Côte, J.A. Gill, R.R.T. Tinch, D. Viner and A.R.

Watkinson

134
Interactions between tourism, biodiversity and climate change in the coastal zone. E. Coombes, A. P. Jones, W. Sutherland and I. J. Bateman 141
The development prospects of Greek health tourism and the role of the bioclimate regime of Greece. E. A. Didaskalou, P. Th. Nastos and A. Matzarakis 149
The impact of hot weather conditions on tourism in Florence, Italy: The summer 2002-

2003 experience. M. Morabito, L. Cecchi, P. A. Modesti, A. Crisci, S. Orlandini, G.

Maracchi, G. F. Gensini

158
Managing weather risk during major sporting events: The use of weather derivatives. S.

Dawkins and H. Stern

166

Sports tourism and climate variability. A. Perry

174
A developing operational system to support tourism activities in Tuscany region. D. Grifoni, G. Messeri, M. Pasqul, A. Crisci, M. Morabito, B. Gozzini, G. Zipoli 180
Visitor Motivation and dependence on the weather of recreationists in Viennese recreation areas. Ch. Brandenburg, A. Matzarakis and A. Arnberger 189
Tourism stakeholders' perspectives on climate change policy in New Zealand. S. Becken and P. Hart 198
Climate and the destination choices of German tourists: A segmentation approach.

J. M. Hamilton, D. J. Maddison and R. S. J. Tol

207
Knowledge management for tourism, recreation and bioclimatology: Mapping the interactions (Part II). T. Patterson 215
Boat tourism and greenhouse gas emissions: contributions from downunder.

T. A. Byrnes and J. Warnken

223
A bibliography of the tourism climatology field to 2004. D. Scott, B. Jones and

G. McBoyle

236
5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Figure 1: View of the Orthodox Academy of Crete (foreground) The Commission on Climate, Tourism and Recreation is grateful to the International Society of Biometeorology for financial assistance and to the Orthodox Academy of Crete for hosting the CCTR Workshop. The editors wish to thank Mark Storey (University of Waterloo) for his contribution to proof-reading and formatting articles that appear here. Andreas Matzarakis, Chris de Freitas and Daniel Scott

November 2004

6

TOURISM AND RECREATION CLIMATOLOGY

Andreas Matzarakis

1 , C. R. de Freitas 2 , Daniel Scott 3 1 Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany 2 School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Auckland, PB 92019, Auckland,

New Zealand.

3 Department of Geography, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo,

Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1

Email Addresses:

andreas.matzarakis@meteo.uni-freiburg.de (Andreas Matzarakis); c.defreitas@auckland.ac.nz (C R de Freitas); dj2scott@fes.uwaterloo.ca (Daniel Scott). THE ISB COMMISSION ON CLIMATE, TOURISM AND RECREATION This publication grew out of the Second International Workshop of the International Society of Biometeorology, Commission on Climate Tourism and Recreation (ISB-CCTR) that took place at the Orthodox Academy of Crete in Kolimbari, Greece, 8-11 June 2004. The aim of the meeting was to a) bring together a selection of researchers and tourism experts to review the current state of knowledge of tourism and recreation climatology and b) explore possibilities for future research and the role of the ISB-CCTR in this. A total of 40 delegates attended the June 2004 ISB-CCTR Workshop. Their fields of expertise included biometeorology, bioclimatology, thermal comfort and heat balance modelling, tourism marketing and planning, urban and landscape planning, architecture, climate change, emission reduction and climate change impact assessment. Participants came from universities and research institutions in Australia, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Slovenia, United Kingdom and United States of America. Business conducted at the Workshop was divided between five sessions: assessment of climatic resources; climate change; health; weather, sports and risk forecasts; and behaviour and perception. However, the content of this publication is organised so that it reflects the new perspectives and methods that have evolved since the ISB-CCTR was established. This is the reason for using "Advances" in the title. In order for all this to be achieved in one volume, the individual research articles were limited in most cases to 8 pages. Only those articles that were recommended for publication by three reviewers were included. 7

THE GROWTH OF TOURISM CLIMATOLOGY

An inspiration for the activities of the CCTR was the recent rapid growth and diversification of the

research activity in the field of tourism and recreation climatology. Scott et al. (page 237-258 of this

volume) have compiled a comprehensive bibliography for this field, containing over 330 publications (current to December 2004). Figures 1 and 2 are based on this comprehensive bibliography and put this recent rapid growth into the context of the historical development of the field.

The first phase

The field of tourism and recreation climatology has a 30 year history. The earliest tourism and recreation climatology research began in what Lamb (1) called the 'climate revolution' during the

1960s and 1970s. Government investment in the expansion of climate station networks and climate

research provided applied climatologists the opportunity to exam how climate affected a wide range of economic sectors, including the rapidly growing tourism and recreation industry. As de Freitas (2:p89) noted, "much of the [early] research in recreation climatology appears to be motivated by the potential usefulness of climatological information within planning processes for tourism and recreation." 0 20 40
60
80
100
120
N u m b e r of P ubl i c a t i ons

Journals

Book Chapters

Reports

Conference Proceedings

Figure 1: Number of Publications on Climate-Weather and Tourism-Recreation 8 0 5 10 15 20 25
30
35
40
45
quotesdbs_dbs25.pdfusesText_31

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