[PDF] ED 100 127 AUTHOR TITLE SPONS AGENCY BUREAU NO PUB

View - Download ED 100 127 AUTHOR TITLE SPONS AGENCY BUREAU NO PUB

Previous PDF

Next PDF

ED 100 127

AUTHOR

TITLE

SPONS AGENCY

BUREAU NO

PUB DATECONTRACT

NOTE

EDRS PRICE

DESCRIPTORS

IDENTIFIERSDOCUMENT. RESUME

FL 005 066

Leslau, Wolf

Basic Amharic Dictionary: Amharic-English,English-Amharic. Final Report.

Institute of International Studies (DHEW/OE),

Washington, D.C.

BR-9-7731-FR

Nov 72

OEC-9-097731-3330

672p.

MF-$1.05 MC Not Available from EDRS. PLUS POSTAGE

*Amharic; *Dictionaries; English; Etymology; Letters (Alphabet); Orthographic Symbols; *Reference Books;*Semitic Languages; Spelling; Word Lists; Writing

NDEA Title VI

ABSTRACT

This basic dictionary, ctqLlisting of two sections, Amharic - English and English-Amharic, is the first such dictionary written since 1920. Since there is a considerable lack of consistency in Amharic spelling, the Amharic orthography used here has been

standardized through etymological studies. Whenever necessary,English expressions are given in parentheses to restrict or clarify

the meaning of an entry. (PMP) SESI

COQ01000.

r INAL REPORT

Praject No.:

9-7731

Coin ract No.:

OEC-9-0q7731-33%0

Wol f Leslan

University of California

Los Angeles, Cal i

nia90024

Pasic Amharic Dictionary:

Amharic-Engli sh, Engl i sh -Amha r i c

U S bEPARTMENT

OF HEALTH.

EDUCATION i WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENTHAS BEEN REPRO

DUCE 0

XACTL Y AS RECEIVED fROM

THE PERSON OR

ORGANIZATINOR IGIN

ATING IT POINTS or viEor

OR OPINIONS

STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRE

SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL

INSTITUTE Of

EDUCATION POSITION

OR POLICY

November 1972

U.S. DEPARTMENT or HEALTH, EMCATION, AND WELEARE

Office of Education

Yi

Institute of International. Studies

0

REST COPY

AVAlain

FINAL REPCRV

Project No.:

9-773I

Contract No.:

OEC-9-097731-3330

Walf Leslau

University of California

Los Angeles, California

90024

Basic Amharic Dictionary:

Amhariz-English, English-Amharic

November 1972

The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the OlTice of Educat ion, U.S.

D,partment of Health, Ed4cation, and Welfare.

Contractors undertaking such projects under Covernment sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their professional judgment in ihe conduct of the project. Points of view or opinions stated do not, therefore, necessarily represent official Office of Education position or policy.

U.S. DEPAR'IMENT OT

HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELTARE

Office of Education

Institute of International Studies

a

PREFACE.

51$1
tortoiNtuist.t

Amharic in the national language of Ethiopia.

The international.

language of Ethiopia is English.

Yet there is no adequate Amharid-English,

nor hn English-Amharic dictionary.

The latest dictionaries in Amharic of

scientific character are the foll(Jaing:

1. Guidi, Vocabolario kmarico-

Italiano, Rome 1 c.:J1 (an Amharic-Italian dictionary); J. Bacteman, Dictionnaire amarigna-franiais, Dire-DaoLia, 1929 (an Amharic-French dic- tionary); E. Gankin, An Amharic-Russian dictionary, Moscow 1969. The only AaaricEnglish dictionary is that of C. H. Armbruster,

Initia Amharica.

Part III.Cambridge, 1920.This dictionary, however, is incomplete; indeed it contains only the first five letters of the a:.phabet. The dictionaries from foreign languages into Amharic are: a French- Amharic index in the above-mntioned J. Baeteman's dictionary.

There is an

Italian-ArhariC dictionary by L. Fusella and A. Girace, Dizionario pratico e fracario per conversazionu italiano-america, Napoli 1937.

A Russian-

Amharic dictionary was published by E. Catkin in 1965.

English-Amharic

dictionaries are those of C. H. Armbruster, Initia Amharica, Part 11, 1910; and of C. H. Walker, English-Amharic di ionary, 1920. Since these publications (with the exception of the Amharic-Russian and Ruasian-Anharte dictionary), Amharic has developed considerably. The pro ;Tess that Ethtopia has mde in the field of education, the literary docuwslts of the )4st 50 years, the technical needs for new expressions, the contact with the Western world, and the natural development within the .laruzul;:e itself h...tv contributed i;rcatly, not only to the enrichment of the lanr,uar.e, but also to the nurous changes within the existing vocabulary. A few exmvles taken frcm Armbrunter's dictionary will illustrate the ft)

Mt COPY

AVAILABLE

ell:kni.',es in t'''0 expressiuns.

Thus "address" is rendered byArmbrUster as

50 t-i'M agal.is!; the prese:1-day

IC; 6:1; "bank" algD4If as against;

"I) "(,) tiro 1,....tfia :3 against aerf141; "ciarette /7 0/..14tflor. gi; as ag:tinsia 11.1.1b; "ceneral",e.1.11Kos againstM 64); "story of the house"I0

161,1:ri as IV

t 1 Pr,ansl many more. Needless to say, at ii,..mbruster's tire there was no need for expres- sicas such as "United Nations, Trusteeship Committee,

Security Council,

control tower, review of books, agenda, airlines, basketball, elevator," and so oa.

Likewi.se in the A.mhariclforeign languages

dictionaries (again with the execTi.don of the Amh:tric-Russian dictionary) one wi13. not find the expressions or idims used in everyday writing or in everyday speech.Thus, whi3 the root tiL.Pll, is mentioned in thedictionaries of Baeteman and Guidi, the e, erday usa3e in writing or in speech 1-101rlist, detail,"rteilciic "minutely, item by item" is not mentioned.

Likewise, one would not find in

the above:-:::,.antioned dictionaries expressions of everyday usage such asVI lb "responsible,

1 ble,head of a firm" ;d),An "arithmetic" ;rib"bare";obab4

ft (in a textbook)";7111Sri- "opinion, point ofview";Ti th "especially, in pe.rtinular," (even though the root

To is given in the die-

tionttrice);7)?).:14A6'byand large, more or less";Obi I "change in money";

90111117"0.pplication (request) ";GDZ,43 "inaugurate, dedicate";

iiihq "civi lizat t.:3 ; ispfir`ifinr.eztsion, assembly, conference," and many more.As result of the inad,quacy of the exiting dictionaries, the student is greatly handicapped in his studies.

The present dictionary is int'nded to

I, rerAy thu s itr tion.Since thi3 is onlya basic dictionary,thereisno n..:cd to ::tress the f6, that the rel;;;:dy can b'only partial.There is still an urgent itee3 of a emplete Amharic*.zlishdictionary. i) 0 r

BESTCOPYAillABLE

As is well known, the Amharic alphabet has various letters that are, identical in the prenunciRtion.This is a case of ;% andbothletters being vowel carriers and no longer consonants; V, th. and 4) pronounced h; and 13.1 km-Ion:Iced s; V, and fl pronounced s.

As a result of the merging of

41.0
these letters, there is considerable lack of consistency in the Amharic spelling. The principle adopted in this dictionary. is that of etymologies.

In the case of N and ri

Geez as well as Tigre and Tigrinya and the other

Semitic langvages could be used as source for correct spelling.

In the

case of U (h) <4)(h), only Geez (and Arabic) could be used as a guide

410,s%14.

since Tigre Ind Tigrinya I:ept only U and eh,this last sound representing a merger of (II and"17.Likewise for a and (1 as well as for 91 and (3Geez alone could serve as source of information, since :.n both Tigre and Tigrinya, and fJJ are represented as s, and 91 and 0 have merged into 1.

It is on the:.

basis of this principle that I adopted 'spelling such as t1 O)0"know" (Geez

9 (I)), 12 reten" (G. apt: ), `''5 `1 "sister" (G. kA1/1/ ), 91 el"three"

(G. IPA e ),Ell "baby" (G. ;:.1),'ASP"things, package" (Tigrinya )s P1 ), and so on.Less generally accepted spellings are those of timk"donole," ninow " Imo, "wood," but hare again the spelling withI) was adopted because these roots have an fl as fir.st radicel in Gees: fl &a flatt, and r5 respectively. Etymological zpelling i& also used in Arabic. loanwords.

Thus,ihrin

"bill," .ttArabic t...s tm!..1.1 ; (al/ tyt(10C tor" Arabic;Di 719aim,Arabic Xrn;

0i7pCrobject, purf;o:to," Arabicdnq 30 on.

rhk! stan(la:..UaLion of throuGh etyrology is not intended to disrecPrd the aeLoal pronunieraion of a lexeme.

Thus, for instance, the verb

BEST COPY

AVAILABLE

\S.1; for "1 w;t; out" is pronounced wi!..tta, with finaland is t.terefore writ. ten tri), anti not j:0; as it would be if one adhered strictlr to the origin of the verb, namely Gees .Likewise, the verb "he is" is pro- .nounced a t lat with an inifdal a.It is therefore writtenand not1.01 if one we to consider the origin of the verb, namely Gen tiAja.Or, the adjective "new" is pz'onouheed addis with an initial. vowel

It is there..

fore wsit;.enshiPuti and not /Wilt one had to go back to its origin, namely

Gees dl

Ir. roots for which

here is no corresponding Ethiopic or Semitic etymology, I adopted for an initial vowel, 1) for h (exceptin tiy.ij "water"), ti for

2, P.nd c; for s.

Observations

on the arrangement, anddefinitions

The letters that have some sound

in present -day Amharic are put together.

Thust),/h and '); UV andill;7N.a.nd;()land.

The order of the entries is

according to the consonant, and not according to tha vowel of the fi-st consonant.Whenever the consouants of the entry are thethearruni;erient iaccording tothetraditional order of the Amharic vocalic system.

Thus, for instance,10 before JO,

and before 4,4.. In the verbs, the entry is that of the perfect, 3rd masculine, singu- lar. It is translated by the Eaglishinfinitive without "to."

Only tin derived stems

whose meaning is not Automatically tobe deduced frr.,m the basic zte:n is given in the dictionary.

Thus, for instance,

roit.stem is t;iveziif itsraeaningis that of the par.sive of the basAn tzan- ititive verb. iiherefor,. no MI is given as a derived stem of MI `'measure, vinee.the slIC.ent know. that 1.7111 .eans "49 rv.,asured," pannive of the

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

atranriti7o verb Asil "lasetsure.."

On the other hand,MM. is given since out--

*side o..0 it. passive meaning "be broken," it also means "break" (intransitive).

For the typos, oily type B is =irked by

(B).A veilithout the syrabo3. (B) is of Type A. All the verbal and nominal derivations are given under the entry. Thus, for iastance, under rJfl the verbal derivation of

111)fi , and the nominal

derviations of h ,Gbeinsand fill are given.Wherever a derived form may not be easily recognizable, it is taken up independently with reference to its root. Thus, (ro11:drawee is given underI'llnwith the indication that its root is Wherever a derived form has subdivision, it is marked by "'.Thus, vieT.111 rj."cbjeGt (in grammar)" given under/inis mentioned independently ar ft'l a with the subdivisions of

Cf 0:trilandirect object" and 71.C*0 :tql ll

411"indirect object."

A verb that does not occur in the basic stem

ismarked by*.The root is.then followed by the actual stern.

Thus*tibilni 7V31 ibrthank, to be

grateful" ; *AO, 71 A1.1 "make, do," and so on. The Eni-,,lish expressions in parentheses restrict the meaning of the entry. Thus ,V111,1-"aret: .(in court); /1)11/..rnurse (who takes care of chil-,... dreg ) "C;1(.: pririiiie. micact (report) 2" (ILlA "blow openthe door )2" ri "contaminate (a well)."

The expression "of" followed by a noun indicates

that the noun is the subject of the verb.

Thus,.xiklit,tY01136,,"scent about

(of dog)" indicates that "scent about" refersto the dog asthe subject.

In the Enfl.ish-Amharic

dictionary likewise the expression inParen- theses (it:Claes closer the main entry.

Normally, 4n adjective as main entry

is explained by another adjective, AS in "able" (eArable)oor (covetently done); o by a noun to which it refers, as i "coarse" defined by (cloth), 6 or (c.me....), or (*and).A, transitive verb as main entry is closer defined by the direct (*lent put. In parentheses; see "beat" defined by (the woods); "charge. defined by (m,mey), or (battery).

One verb is defined by another

verb; see "chi!ek" defined (exorable), or (mark with check).Like in the Ambric-D:).i:)h dictionary, an intransitive verb followed by "of" with a noun indicates that the noun is the subject of the intransitive verb; thus, IT COM!ft(of tarn), or (of holiday) indicate that "turnItor "holiday" are sub- jects of the verb "come."

List of Abbreviations

adj. . wijective adv. sdverb conj. . conjunction n = noun. prep. . prepwition . verb vi. = i -ftnsitive verb vt. = transitive verb indicates an entry that has subdivisions and is mentioned in the appropri- ate place. 10

1),(I),

tri, sound (ofgetters)

A..eVery,. all, everybody

(W)-510 all of them, everything everybody 1+ 3 :1;VA+3daily

U-A.:1)1E

everythingDar coreAVAILABLE n--- ?) from behind em hind, back (adj.)

Q') ,-v

in the long run, sooner or later muf back (adv.) -. backward, in the back, on the back elAsh4 latter (adj.), posterior h 41 posterior, latter, rear (adj.) retrograde bA5t)ciream, fancy (see Nilcro) um. two U7/0.4 (suffix pronoun) twoVA-1K,always, everytime, perpetu- ally, all the timequotesdbs_dbs47.pdfusesText_47

[PDF] MPS, organisé son exposé

[PDF] MPS- Devoir ? rendre police scientifique

[PDF] MPS: projet ballon sonde

[PDF] MPS: rapport d'investigation

[PDF] mpsi

[PDF] mr batignole

[PDF] Mr et Mme Dupont ( Dm de math )

[PDF] mr purgon

[PDF] Mr Smith doit installer une piscine chez Mme Martin

[PDF] mr smith doit installer une piscine chez mme martin correction

[PDF] mrc définition

[PDF] mrc montréal

[PDF] mrcp examen

[PDF] mrcp francais

[PDF] mrs hubbard