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CLIMATE CHANGE AND

GOVERNANCE

IN AFGHANISTAN

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4

2.

INTRODUCTION 6

2.1. OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND PROJECTIONS FOR AFGHANISTAN 6

2.2. OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN 10

2.2.1. GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 10

2.2.2. NON-GOVERNMENTAL STAKEHOLDERS 12

2.3. CLIMATE FINANCE AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES 14

3. MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE INTO AFGHANISTAN"S GOVERNANCE

FRAMEWORK 16

3.1. AGRICULTURE 18

3.1.1. CLIMATE IMPACT PROJECTIONS 18

3.1.2. INSTITUTIONS 19

3.1.3. POLICIES, STRATEGIES, AND LAWS 19

3.1.4. INTER-MINISTERIAL COORDINATION MECHANISMS 20

3.2. BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS 21

3.2.1. CLIMATE IMPACT PROJECTIONS 21

3.2.2. INSTITUTIONS 21

3.2.3. POLICIES, STRATEGIES, AND LAWS 23

3.2.4. INTER-MINISTERIAL COORDINATION MECHANISMS 24

3.3. ENERGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE 26

3.3.1. CLIMATE IMPACT PROJECTIONS 26

3.3.2. INSTITUTIONS 28

3.3.3. POLICIES, STRATEGIES, AND LAWS 29

3.3.4. INTER-MINISTERIAL COORDINATION MECHANISMS 30

3.4. FORESTS AND RANGELANDS 31

3.4.1. CLIMATE IMPACT PROJECTIONS 31

3.4.2. INSTITUTIONS 32

3.4.3. POLICIES, STRATEGIES, AND LAWS 32

3.4.4. INTER-MINISTERIAL COORDINATION MECHANISMS 34

3.5. NATURAL DISASTERS 34

3.5.1. CLIMATE IMPACT PROJECTIONS 34

3.52. INSTITUTIONS 35

3.5.3. POLICIES, STRATEGIES, AND LAWS 37

3.5.4. INTER-MINISTERIAL COORDINATION MECHANISMS 37

3.6. WATER 38

3.6.1. CLIMATE IMPACT PROJECTIONS 38

3.6.2. INSTITUTIONS 39

3.6.3. POLICIES, STRATEGIES, AND LAWS 40

3.6.4. INTER-MINISTERIAL COORDINATION MECHANISMS 41

4.

RECOMMENDATIONS 42

ANNEX 1: OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT NATIONAL PROJECTS

48
ANNEX 2: OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTION STRUCTURES 53

ANNEX 3: REFERENCES

58
3

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

5

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

1. United Nations (1992). For the text of the UN Framework Convention

on Climate Change, see: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/ convkp/conveng.pdf

2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND PROJECTIONS FOR

AFGHANISTAN

7

2. Representative concentration pathways (RCPs) are GHG emission scena

rios adopted by the IPCC to describe four possible climate depending on the levels of future global GHGs emitted. There are four RCPs: 1) RCP2.6, which assumes that GHG emissions peak between 2010-2020 and then decline; 2) RCP4.5, which ass umes that GHG emissions peak around 2040 and then decline; 3) RCP6, which assumes that GHG emissions peak around

2080 and then decline; and 4) RCP8.5, which

assumes that GHGs emi sions continue to rise throughout the 21st century

3. Savage, M., et. al. (2008). Socio-economic Impacts of Climate Chang

e in Afghanistan. Oxford: Stockholm Environment

Institute.

Figure 1. Difference in mean annual temperature between a near future pe riod (2021-2050) and the base period (1985-2006) using RCP 4.5. All grids of all models sho w a positive trend.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

Figure 2. Trends in mean annual temperature for Afghanistan of seven different regi onal climate models and the RCPs 4.5 (green) and 8.5 (red). The lines are the mod el means and the band of uncertainty of all models is depicted in brighter colours. 9 Figure 3. Difference of annual precipitation between a near future perio d (2021-2050) and thebase period (1985-2006) as mean of eight different regional climate models for the representative concentration pathway 4.5. Figure 4. Trends in annual precipitation for Afghanistan of seven different regiona l climate modelsand the representative concentration pathway 4.5 (green) and 8.5 (red).

The lines are the modelmeans

and the band of uncertainty of all models is depicted in brighter colour s.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

4 United Nations (2006).

5 Afghanistan (2004). Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghani

stan.

6 Ibid., Art. 140.

7 Ibid., Art. 141.

2.2. OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE IN

AFGHANISTAN

2.2.1. GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

FRAMEWORK

11

8 Afghanistan (2008). Afghanistan National Development Strategy (AND

S) 2008-2013, p. 17. Available at http://www.thekabulpr cess.gov. af/images/ands-docs/ands-english.pdf

9 Afghanistan (2010a). Agriculture and Rural Development Cluster Nati

onal Priority Programme 1: National Water and Natural Re

sources Development, p. 7. Available at: http://www.thekabulprocess.gov.af/images/JCMBdocs/19th/ARD_NPP_1_Water%2

and%2 Natural%20 Resources_Final_Draft.pdf

10 Ibid., p. 20 & 56

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

2.2.2. NON-GOVERNMENTAL STAKEHOLDERS

11 Afghanistan (2010b). Agriculture and Rural Development Cluster Nati

onal Priority Programme 2: National Comprehensive Agriculture Production and Market Development, p. 8. For full text, see:

ARD_NPP- 2_Agriculture_Final_Draft.pdf

13

12 UNEP (2009). Women and Natural Resources in Afghanistan, Kabul: United Nations Environ

ment Programme.

13 Afghanistan (2014b). Afghanistan Statistical Yearbook 2013-2014. Kabul: Central Statistics Organization.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

2.3. CLIMATE FINANCE AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES

14 Global Environment Facility (2014). GEF-6 Indicative STAR Allocations. Available from: https://www.thegef.org/gef/STAR/GEF6_

country_allocations 15

15 Interview with Climate Change Division of the National Environmental

Protection Agency (NEPA), Kabul, 10 July 2015.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

3. MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE INTO AFGHANISTAN"S

GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK

16 Under the UNFCCC, the contents of National Communications are differe

nt for Annex I (developed) and non-Annex I (developing) countries, which is in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated r esponsibilities enshrined in the UNFCCC. National Commu nications from non-Annex I countries, such as Afghanistan, generally include sections o n GHG inventories, identification of measures to mit igate and facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change, and any other information that th e Party considers relevant to the achievement of the objective of the Convention. UNFCCC, National Reports, full text available (September 20

15) at: http://unfccc.int/national_reports/items/1408.ph

p

17 Afghanistan (2012a). Initial National Communication under the UNFCC

C. Kabul : National Environmental Protection Agency. 17

18 Global Environment Facility, Background Information on the NAPAs, available (September 2015) at: http://unfccc.int/adaptation/workst

reams/

19 Afghanistan (2009c). National Adaptation Programme of Action, p. 80

20 Afghanistan (2015 - draft). Afghanistan Climate Change Strategy and

Action Plan..

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

3.1. AGRICULTURE

3.1.1. Climate Impact Projections

21 Afghanistan (2009c), p. 77.

19

3.1.2. Institutions

3.1.3

Policies, Strategies, and Laws

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

3.1.4

Interministerial Coordination Mechanisms

Afghanistan (2010b), p. 7.

Afghanistan (2010b), p. 6.

21

3.2. BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS

3.2.1. Climate Impact Projections

3.2.2. Institutions

24 Afghanistan (2014c). National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

. Kabul: National Environmental Protection Agency, p. 14.

25 Convention on Biological Diversity, Climate Change and Biodiversity, available (September 2015) at: https://www.cbd.int/climate/intro.shtml

26 Ibid.

27 Afghanistan (2009c). National Capacity Needs Self-assessment for Gl

obal Environmental Management (NCSA) and National Adaptat ion Programme of Action for Climate Change (NAPA). Kabul: United Nations Environment Programme, p. 30

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

28 Ibid, p. 30.

23

3.2.3 Policies, Strategies, and Laws

29 Ibid, p. 37.

30 UNEP (2007). A Guide to Afghanistan's 2007 Environment Law. Kabul: United Nations Environment Programme, p. 3.

31 Afghanistan (2007a), Environment Law.

32 Afghanistan (2007a), Environment Law, cc. 1 & 2.

33 Afghanistan (2007a), Environment Law, Art 75.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

3.2.4. Interministerial Coordination Mechanisms

34 Afghanistan (2010c). National Environmental Action Plan. Kabul: Nat

ional Environmental Protection Agency, p.23.

35 Afghanistan (2014c), p. 7.

36 Afghanistan (2014c), p. 7.

37 Afghanistan (2014c), p. 44.

38 Afghanistan (2007a), Art 10.

39 Afghanistan (2007a), Art 10.

40 Afghanistan (2007a), Art 10.

25

41 Afghanistan (2007a), Art 11.

42 Afghanistan (2007a), Art 11.

43 NEPA & UNEP (2008b). Joint Press Release: National Environmental Advisory

Council (NEAC) Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Inaugural Meeting. Available at: http://postconflict.unep.ch/download/press/2008-04_(30_Apr pdf

44 Afghanistan (2007a), Environment Law.

45 Afghanistan (2007a), Environment Law.

46 Afghanistan (2014c), p. 14.

47 Afghanistan (2009a). Fourth National Report to the UN Convention on

Biological Diversity. Kabul: Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, and Livestock, p.31.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

3.3. ENERGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE

3.3.1. Climate Impact Projections

48 Afghanistan (2009a), p. 31.

49 Afghanistan (2009a), p. 31.

50 Afghanistan (2012a); UN-Habitat (2015)

27

51 USAID, Afghanistan Energy Sector Overview, available (September 2015) at: http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/Countries/Afghanistan_Energy_

detail.asp

52 DABS (2013), Energy Sector Overview. Kabul: Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat. Available at: http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/5015.pdf

53 DABS (2013).

54 Afghanistan (2008b), Energy Sector Strategy. Available at http://moec.gov.af/Content/files/Energy%20Sector%20Strategy%20-%209%20June%20

08%20-%20English.pdf

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

3.3.2. Institutions

48 Afghanistan (2009a), p. 31.

49 Afghanistan (2009a), p. 31.

50 Afghanistan (2012a); UN-Habitat (2015)

29

3.3.3 Policies, Strategies, and Laws

55 Afghanistan (2008b), Energy Sector Strategy. Available at: http://moec.gov.af/Content/files/Energy%20Sector%20Strategy%20-%209%20June%2

08%20-%20English.pdf

56 Afghanistan (2008b).

57 Afghanistan (2008b).

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

3.3.4. Interministerial Coordination Mechanisms

58 Afghanistan (2014a). Afghanistan National Renewable Energy Policy. Kabul: Ministry of Energy and Water, p. 4.

59 Afghanistan (2014a), p. 1.

60 Afghanistan (2014a), p. 14.

61 Afghanistan (2006), Presidential Decree on the Establishment of the

Interministerial Commission for Energy.

62 Afghanistan (2006), Presidential Decree on the Establishment of the

Interministerial Commission for Energy.

31

3.4. FORESTS AND RANGELANDS

3.4.1. Climate Impact Projections

63 Afghanistan (2009c), p. 23.

64 NEPA & UNEP (2008b). Afghanistan's Environment. Kabul: National Environment Protection Agency & United Na

tions Environment Programme

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

3.4.2

Institutions

3.4.3 Policies, Strategies, and Laws

65 Afghanistan (2009c), p. 40.

66 Afghanistan (2009c), p. 77.

67 A shura is a consultative body or assembly that has decision-making p

ower. In Afghanistan's rural communities, shuras are typically comprised of traditional leaders respected by the community an d charged with making decisions for the collective wellbeing of all in the community. 33

68 Afghanistan (2012c). National Forestry Management Policy. Kabul: Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, and Livestock.

69 Afghanistan (2012d). Rangeland Management Policy. Kabul: Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, and Livestock.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

3.4.4

Interministerial Coordination Mechanisms

3.5 NATURAL DISASTERS

3.5.1 Climate Impact Projections

70 Afghanistan (2009c).

35
3.5.2

Institutions

71 ANDMA, About ANDMA, available (September 2015) at: http://www.andma.gov.af

72 The HFA is a 10-year global plan to build resilience to natural disasters that

was approved as an outcome of the 2005 Second World Conference on Disaster Reduction. The HFA runs from 2005-2015, and has five specific priorities: 1) making disa ster risk reduction a priority; 2) improving risk information and early warning; 3) building a culture of safety and resi lience; 4) reducing risks in key sectors; and 5) strengt hening preparedness for response. For further details, see: http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/hfa

73 Afghanistan (2015). National Progress Report on the Implementation

of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2013-2015). Kabul: Af ghanistan National

Disaster Management Authority

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

74 Interview with Mr. Allah Mohammad Faqiri, Montage Section Manager at the Afghanistan Mete

orology Authority (AMA), Kabul, DATE

75 IC, Personal communication with Dr Noori, Director of the AMA [28 Jun

e 2011].

76 Interview with Mr. Allah Mohammad Faqiri, Montage Section Manager at the Afghanistan Mete

orology Authority (AMA), Kabul, DATE

77 INSERT REFERENCE

78 WMO (2009), Request for Assistance under the WMO Voluntary Co-operation Programme (VCP), available (September 2015) at

: https://www.wmo. 37

3.5.3 Policies, Strategies, and laws

3.5.4 Interministerial Coordination Mechanisms

79 WHO, Climate Change and Human Health, available (September 2015) at

: www.who.int/globalchange/en

80 Afghanistan (2012b). Law on Disaster Response, Management, and Prep

aredness. Kabul: Afghanistan National Disaster Management

Authority.

81 Afghanistan (2012b). Law on Disaster Response, Management, and Prep

aredness. Kabul: Afghanistan National Disaster Management

Authority.

82 Afghanistan (2011). Afghanistan Strategic National Action Plan (SN

AP) for Disaster Risk Reduction: Towards Peace and Stable Development. Kabul: Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

3.6 WATER

3.6.1

Climate Impact Projections

83 Afghanistan (2012b). Law on Disaster Response, Management, and Prep

aredness. Kabul: Afghanistan National Disaster Management

Authority.

84 Afghanistan (2012b). Law on Disaster Response, Management, and Prep

aredness. Kabul: Afghanistan National Disaster Management

Authority.

39
3.6.2

Institutions

85 Afghanistan (2009d). Water Law, Art 10.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

3.6.3

Policies, Strategies, and Laws

86 Afghanistan (2004b). Strategic Policy Framework for Water. Kabul: Ministry of Energy and Water.

87 Afghanistan (2004b). Strategic Policy Framework for Water. Kabul: Ministry of Energy and Water.

88 Afghanistan (2008c). Water Sector Strategy. Available at: http://moec.gov.af/Content/files/Water%20Sector%20Strategy%20-%20English.pdf

89 Afghanistan (2008c), p. 28.

41
3.6.4

Interministerial Coordination Mechanisms

91 Afghanistan (2008c). Water Sector Strategy. Available at: http://moec.gov.af/Content/files/Water%20Sector%20Strategy%20-%20English.pdf

92 Afghanistan (2008c). Water Sector Strategy. Available at: http://moec.gov.af/Content/files/Water%20Sector%20Strategy%20-%20English.pdf

93 Afghanistan (2009c)

94 Afghanistan (2009d)

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

4. RECOMMENDATIONS

To strengthen Afghanistan's overall governance of climate change: To strengthen climate science and projections in Afghanistan: 43
To increase availability and access to global climate finance and resourc es: To increase the resilience of the agriculture sector: To increase resilience of biodiversity and ecosystems:

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

To reduce climate induced impacts on infrastructure and energy: 45
To increase the resilience of forests and rangelands: To increase resilience to natural disasters and climate-related health ri sks:

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

To increase resilience in the water sector:

47

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

ANNEX 1: OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE RELEVANT NATIONAL PROJECTS Project Name: Afghanistan Rural Enterprise Development Programme (AREDP

Lead Implementer(s): MRRD

Relevant Focus Area(s): Infrastructure, energy

Project Name: Agromet

Lead Implementer: MAIL

Relevant Focus Area(s): Agriculture, natural disasters Project Name: Building Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Chang e in Afghanistan (LDCF-1)

Lead Implementer(s):

Relevant Focus Area(s): Climate change

49
Project Name: Building the Resilience of Communities Living Around the N orthern Pistachio Belt and Eastern Forest Complex of Afghanistan through and Ecosystem-based Ad aptation Approach (LDCF-3)

Lead Implementer(s): NEPA

Relevant Focus Area(s): Forests, ecosystems, climate change Project Name: Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN)

Lead Implementer(s): NEPA

Relevant Focus Area(s): Climate change

Project Name: Comprehensive Agriculture and Rural Development-Facility (

CARD-F)

Lead Implementer(s): MAIL, MRRD, MCN, MoF

Relevant Focus Area(s): Agriculture

Project Name: Developing Core Capacity for Decentralized MEA Implementat ion and Natural Re source Management in Afghanistan (MEA CCCD)

Lead Implementer(s): NEPA

Relevant Focus Area(s): Biodiversity, ecosystems, climate change, MEAs

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

Project Name: FEWS NET

Lead Implementer: MAIL

Relevant Focus Area(s): Agriculture, natural disasters Project Name: Initial National Communication (INC) and Second National

Communication (SNC)

Lead Implementer(s): NEPA

Relevant Focus Area(s): Climate change

Project Name: National Adaptation Programmes of Action for Climate Chang e (NAPA) and National Capacity Needs Self-assessment for Global Environmental Managem ent (NCSA)

Lead Implementer(s): NEPA

Relevant Focus Area(s): Biodiversity and ecosystems, climate change 51
Project Name: National Area-based Development Programme (NABDP)

Lead Implementer(s): MRRD

Relevant Focus Area(s): infrastructure and energy

Project Name: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)

Lead Implementer(s): NEPA

Relevant Focus Area(s): Biodiversity and ecosystems Project Name: National Rural Access Programme (NRAP)

Lead Implementer(s): MRRD

Relevant Focus Area(s): Infrastructure and energy

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

Project Name: National Solidarity Programme (NSP)

Lead Implementer(s): MRRD

Relevant Focus Area(s): infrastructure and energy

Project Name: Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Irrigation Programme (Ru-WatSIP)

Lead Implementer(s): MRRD

Relevant Focus Area(s): Infrastructure, water

Project Name: Strengthening the Resilience of Rural Livelihood Options f or Afghan Communities in Panjshir, Balkh, Uruzgan, and Herat Provinces to Manage Climate Change Induced D isaster

Risks (LDCF-2)

Lead Implementer(s): MAIL

Relevant Focus Area(s): Forests, rangelands, and natural disasters 53
ANNEX 2: OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTION

STRUCTURES

InstitutionDivision/DirectorateBrief Description

Afghanistan

Meteorological

Authority (AMA)Weather Forecasting Office

The Weather Forecasting Office is responsible with plotting weather maps, coordinating with the NATO- led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), gathering atmospheric and short- and long-term weather forecasting, and sharing weather forecasts with other relevant agencies on a daily basis.

Research Institute

Office

The Research Institute Office is comprised of subsections focused on climate analysis, agriculture, and hydrology that are responsible for recording weather and climate data in AMA's database as well as analysing and disseminating this information to other relevant offices and institutions.

Observation and

Network Office

The Observation and Network Office functions as a

hub for gathering climate and weather data from its

26 weather stations across the country, as well as

disseminating this data via daily weather briefs sent to the country's airports. In addition, this office also generates climate forecast reports for MAIL that aim to identify the primary risks and opportunities for agricultural production.

Montage Weather

Station Office

The Montage Weather Station Office is responsible for the monitoring, maintenance, and installation of weather stations across the country, of which the latest to be installed are in Kunduz and Badakhshan provinces.

Afghanistan

National Disaster

Management

Authority

(ANDMA)Policy and Planning DirectorateThe Policy and Planning Directorate coordinates response in the event of a disaster, promotes DRR as a national priority, and works towards streamlining the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action.

Ministry of

Agriculture,

Irrigation, and

Livestock (MAIL)

General Directorate for

PlanningThe primary mandate of the General Directorate for Planning is to ensure the adherence to and implementation of the NADF through the development of policy frameworks for agriculture and rural development issues. This Directorate is comprised of four sub-unit Directorates for planning and policy, programme coordination and development, agricultural statistics, and the private sector.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE IN AFGHANISTAN

InstitutionDivision/DirectorateBrief Description

Ministry of

Agriculture,

Irrigation, and

Livestock (MAIL)Irrigation Directorate

The Irrigation Directorate was established based

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