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T.C. ANADOLU †NÜVERSÜTESÜ YAYINI NO: 2354

TARIM ALET VE

MAK'NALARI

Yazarlar

Prof.Dr. Ali 'hsan ACAR, Prof.Dr. Ramazan ÖZT†RK (†nite 1-6 Prof.Dr. Metin G†NER, Prof.Dr. Ali 'hsan ACAR (†nite 7, 10) Prof.Dr. Metin G†NER, Prof.Dr. Ramazan ÖZT†RK (†nite 8, 9)

Prof.Dr. Ali 'hsan ACAR

ANADOLU †NÜVERSÜTESÜ

Bu kitab'n bas'm, yay'm ve sat'ß haklar' Anadolu †n iversitesine aittir. ÒUzaktan ...ÛretimÓ tekniÛine uygun olarak haz'rlanan bu kitab'n bütün haklar' sakl'd'r. mleri mekanik, elektronik, fotokopi, manyetik kay't veya baßka ßekillerde oÛalt'lamaz, bas'lamaz ve daÛ 't'lamaz.

Copyright © 2011 by Anadolu University

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Nopart of this book may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted inany form or by any means mechanical, electronic, photocopy, magnetic, ta pe or otherwise, without permission in writing from the University.

Prof.Dr. Levend K'l'ç

Doç.Dr. Müjgan Bozkaya

Yrd.Doç.Dr. Evrim Genç Kumtepe

Prof. Tevfik Fikret Uçar

Grafikerler

Ayflegül Dibek

Gülflah Karabulut

Aziz Arda Ataseven

Ali Burç Aç'kkan

Kitap Koordinasyon Birimi

Doç.Dr. Feyyaz Bodur

Uzm. Nermin ...zgür

Kapak Düzeni

Prof. Tevfik Fikret Uçar

Dizgi

Tar'm Alet ve Makinalar'

ISBN

978-975-06-1028-8

2. Bask'

Bu kitap ANADOLU †NÜVERSÜTESÜ Web-Ofset Tesislerinde 3.500 a det bas'lm'ßt'r.

ESKÜÞEHÜR, Kas'm 2014

܍indekiler

.................................... ix Tar'mda Makinalaßma............................................................. 2 ............................... 3 TARIMDA MAK'NALAÞMA ........................................................................ ... 5 Tar'msal Mekanizasyon........................................................................ ......... 6 Tar'msal Mekanizasyon Düzeyi.............................................................. 7 Mekanizasyonun Yararlar'...................................................................... 8 TARIM MAK'NALARI VE TARIM TRAKTÖRLER'N'N SE‚'M' .................... 10

Tar'm Makinalar'n'n Seçimi........................................................................

.. 10 .. 11 TARIM MAK'NALARINDA 'Þ BAÞARISI....................................................... 12 TARIM MAK'NALARINDA MASRAFLAR....................................................... 14 Sabit Masraflar........................................................................ ....................... 14 ...................... 14 ................................... 15 .............................. 15 Koruma Masraf'........................................................................ ............... 15 .................. 15 Bak'm Masraf'........................................................................ .................. 15 Tamir Masraf'........................................................................ ................... 16 ....... 16 Personel Masraf'........................................................................ .............. 16 Tar'm Makinalar'nda Toplam Masraf........................................................... 16 TARIM MAK'NALARINDA G†‚ GEREKS'N'M'........................................... 17 ‚eki Gücü........................................................................ .............................. 17 Kuyruk Mili Gücü (PTO)........................................................................ ...... 18 Hidrolik Güç........................................................................ .......................... 18 Kasnak Gücü........................................................................ ......................... 18 TARIM MAK'NALARININ ‚EVRE 'LE 'L'ÞK'LER'........................................ 19 ORTAK MAK'NA KULLANIMI...................................................................... 20 Özet ................................................................ ............................................... 21 Kendimizi S'nayal'm .............................................. ....................................... 22 Kendimizi S'nayal'm Yan't Anahtar' ......................... ................................... 23 S'ra Sizde Yan't Anahtar' ..................................... Yararlan'lan Kaynaklar........................................................................ .......... 23 Tar'mda Enerji Kullan'm'....................................................... 24 ...................................... 25 ENERJ' KAYNAKLARI ........................................................................ ........... 25

Dünyada ve TürkiyeÕde Enerji †retimi ve Tüketimi................................... 26

.................. 27 TARIMSAL †RET'MDE ENERJ' KULLANIMI................................................ 28 Yak't Enerjisi........................................................................ .......................... 28 Tar'm Makinalar' 'çin Yak't Enerjisi....................................................... 29 Tar'mda Kullan'lan Canl' Kuvvet Kaynaklar'.............................................. 30 Tar'mda Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklar'n'n Kullan'm' ............................... 31 Günefl Enerjisi ........................................................................ ................. 31 Rüzg‰r Enerjisi........................................................................ ................. 36 Hidrolik Enerji........................................................................ ................. 38 Jeotermal Enerji........................................................................ ............... 38 Biyokütle Enerjisi ........................................................................ ............ 39 'çindekiler iii

1. †NÜTE

2. †NÜTE

...zet ................................................................ ............................................... 42 Kendimizi S'nayal'm .............................................. ....................................... 43 K endimizi S'nayal'm Yan't Anahtar' .......................... .................................. 44 S'ra Sizde Yan't Anahtar' ..................................... ......................................... 44 Yararlan'lan Kaynaklar........................................................................ .......... 45 ......... 46 ...................................... 47 MOTORLAR ........................................................................ ........................... 48 Motorlar'n Yap' Elemanlar'........................................................................ ... 50

Motorlar'n ‚al'ßma Ülkesi........................................................................

...... 50 as'......................................... 50

Motorlar'n Üßletme Karakteristikleri.............................................................. 51

Diesel Motorlar........................................................................ ...................... 53 .............................. 53 Diesel Motorlar'n'n Donan'mlar'............................................................ 53 Benzinli Motorlar........................................................................ ................... 55 Yak't-Hava Kar'ß'm'n'n SaÛlanmas' ....................................................... 55 Elektrik Motorlar'........................................................................ ................... 55 TRAKT...RLERÜN SINIFLANDIRILMASI......................................................... 56 TRAKT...RLERÜN ELEMANLARI..................................................................... 58 ................................. 58 Vites Kutusu........................................................................ ........................... 59 ............................ 60

Son Redüksiyon Dißli Kutusu....................................................................... 60

Hareket Organlar'........................................................................ .................. 60 Dümenleme Düzeni........................................................................ .............. 62 Frenleme Düzeni........................................................................ ................... 63 TRAKT...RLERÜN DONANIMLARI................................................................. 63

Üß Makinas' BaÛlant' †nitesi ........................................................................

. 63

† Nokta BaÛlant' Düzeni...................................................................... 63

‚ekme Düzeni........................................................................ ................. 65

Gü ‚'k'ß †niteleri........................................................................

................ 65 Kuyruk Mili (PTO) ve Mafsall' Mil......................................................... 65 ....................... 66 . 66 Kuvvet Analizi ........................................................................ ....................... 66 ..................................... 69 Gü Analizi........................................................................ ............................ 69 Yuvarlanma (Yürüme) Direnci Gücü..................................................... 69 Patinaj Kay'p Gücü ........................................................................ ......... 69 ‚eki Gücü........................................................................ ........................ 70

Transmisyon Kay'p Gücü....................................................................... 70

Meyil ‚'kma Gücü........................................................................ .......... 70 TRAKT...RLERDE BAKIM........................................................................ ...... 71 ...zet ................................................................ ............................................... 72 Kendimizi S'nayal'm .............................................. ....................................... 73 Okuma Paras' ........................................................................ ..................... 74 Kendimizi S'nayal'm Yan't Anahtar' ......................... ...................................75 S'ra Sizde Yan't Anahtar' ..................................... ......................................... 75 Yararlan'lan Kaynaklar........................................................................ .......... 75 Toprak 'flleme Alet ve Makinalar'..................... .................... 76 ... 77 Erozyon Kontrolu........................................................................ .................. 79 'çindekiler iv

3. †N'TE

4. †N'TE

TopraÛ'n Paralanmas'........................................................................ .......... 80 T ........ 80 TopraÛ'n Kabart'lmas'........................................................................ ........... 80

TopraÛ'n Kar'ßt'r'lmas'........................................................................

.......... 80 ........................... 81 Kulakl' Pulluklar........................................................................ .................... 81 Kulakl' Pulluklar'n Yap'sal ...zellikleri ve Elemanlar'................................. 81 U Demiri ........................................................................ ........................ 82 ................................ 82 Taban Demiri........................................................................ ................... 82 Payanda ........................................................................ ........................... 83 Emniyet Düzeni........................................................................ ............... 83

Kulakl' Pulluklara Ülißkin Teknik ...zellikler ................................................ 83

Tahtavari Sürme ........................................................................ .............. 85 Þekilli Sürme........................................................................ .................... 85 Düz Sürme........................................................................ ....................... 86 Kulakl' Pullukta Ayarlar........................................................................ ........ 86 Diskli Pulluklar........................................................................ ...................... 87 ........ 88 ................................ 88 ...zel Pulluklar........................................................................ ........................ 88 TOPRAK FREZELERÜ........................................................................ ............. 89quotesdbs_dbs25.pdfusesText_31

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