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GROUP A

EARLY IMPRINTS AND PRIVATE PUBLICATIONS

1768 - 1954

INTRODUCTION

This group comprises (1) early imprints issued in Mauritius, both private and official, and inclusive of leaflets and broadsides (but exclusive of almanacs, periodicals and newspapers which are listed in group B), from the introduction of printing in 1768 to the end of French rule in 1810 ; (2) private non-serial public-ations issued from 1811 to the end of 1954 (serial publications for the same period being listed in group B).

The main source utilized for early imprints was the unpublished catalogue of early Mauritian imprints which forms the supplement to Dr. Toussaint's main work on that subject published in Paris in 1951 under the title : Early printing in the Mascarene Islands.

Several additional specimens were traced in the Archives Nationales, in Paris, especially in series AF III : Collection Moreau de St. Méry and Colonies : Fonds Rodde, Ile de France, in the private library of M. Auguste Brunet, at Toulon, and in the John Carter Brown Library, in the United States.

The total number of entries recorded amounts to 426. There are also 27 entries in group B for th almanacs, periodicals and newspapers for the period 1769-1810.

The entries are recorded in full and listed in chronological order of issue. In the case of broadsides the dimensions are given in cms. The location is also given in brackets at the end of each entry. With a few exceptions, entries were made from the imprints themselves.

The material is available in the following repositories :

Archives Nationales (Paris)

Auguste Brunet Library (Toulon)

Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris)

British Museum (London)

Curepipe Carnegie Library (Mauritius)

Doyen Collection (Mauritius)

John Carter Brown Library (U. S. A.)

Mauritius Archives Department

Mauritius Supreme Court Library

Public Record Office (London)

Of these the most important is the Mauritius Archives whose collection was recently enriched by the gift of the imprints in the Doyen Collection presented in 1953 by the Leclézio family.

On the beginnings of printing in Mauritius little need be said here since the subject has been fully studied in Dr. Toussaint's book, and it will suffice to note that the printing record of this island for 1768-1810, which is listed here in full for the first time, is quite remarkable in the history of colonial printing, especially when it is compared with that of other countries of the Indian Ocean.

Apart from their purely bibliographical interest the early imprints recorded here and in group B are also of main importance for the student of Mauritius under French rule.

For theears 1811-1954 the only source available was the series of quarterly Memoranda of books printed in Mauritius and registered in the Archives Department under Ord. 21 of 1893, which has been published regularly by this Department since 1893. For very many years, however, the Ordinance was not strictly enforced, so that these Memoranda are not fully representative of the actual output.

They had to be supplemented by searches in the Curepipe Carnegie Library, Mauritius Institute Library, Port-Louis Municipal Library, British Museum, Colonial Office Library and Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, and by a thorough scrutiny of the files of the Mauritius Gazette for 1811-31 and of the Cernéen for 1832 onwards for any accounts of and references to local publications.

A few series in the Mss Section of the Archives Department, especially series HA (British Govern-ment : Early Years : Miscellaneous (1811-40) and RA (Secretariat: In-letters (1811-80) also yielded a certain amount of material embedded in official papers.

4 It should be noted that the registration Ordinance of 1893 excluded annual reports, trade circulars and other publications of a purely commercial nature. Considering that the registration of corporate

bodies, too, was not regulated until fairly recently, it was not possible to trace all such publications.

Wherever possible the entries were made from the books themselves, but in many cases, especially for the books issued during the period 1811-1892, the material could not be examined and the recording

had to be made from second-hand information. All doubtful titles are given in square brackets. The entries are listed in chronological order of issue. The place of printing is, unless otherwise stated, Port-Louis. Very few printing presses were active in other towns and only 18 books bearing the imprints of printing establishments situated in the rural districts are recorded. Location is not indicated, as most of the items are available in the chief libraries of Mauritius, especially the Curepipe Carnegie Library, which is the most important in this respect, and in the

Archives Department for 1893 onwards.

A total of 1630 entries were recorded, of which 807 are for the years 1811-1900 and 823 for the years

1901-1953. The relatively small number of imprints for 1811-32 (70 only) is due to the fact that the

press was not free then and that a strict control was exercised during those years over all publications.

A critical study of this output would, of course, be out of place here, but a few general remarks may be offered.

The first and most obvious remark is that it is predominantly French. Out of the 1630 entries recorded there are 1334 for French books, 276 for English, 14 for Creole and 4 for Hindi books. There

are also 2 books in Latin and 3 bi-lingual (English and French) publications. For the period 1811-1900 there are 689 French as against 107 English books. For the period 1901-53

the figures are 645 and 169 respectively, which shews a definite increase of publications issued in English.

The proportion of English to French books, however, is only about 1 to 5. The other languages are negligible. The books in Creole are not the work of " creole " writers

but actually of French writers and, although Creole is the lingua franca of Mauritius, there is no creole literature to speak of.

The actual number of books issued in Hindi is probably larger than that recorded here, since the law on the registration of books was ignored by Oriental printers just as it was by other printers.

With regard to publications in Chinese, none were traced other than those that are recorded in group B.

The beginnings of Oriental printing in Mauritius have not been investigated yet. The earliest reference to a publication issued in an Oriental language is for 1868 (The Mercantile Advertizer issued in Tamil and English, see group B, no. 147), but no copies of it were traced and it seems that the first Oriental press worth mentioning was that of the Hindusthani which began to function in 1909 (see group B, no. 346). No publication was traced, however, bearing its imprint.

From 1811 to the present day some 80 book-producing establishments were active in Mauritius. At present there are altogether 33 printing establishments, of which, however, 16 do not produce books. The total number of persons engaged in the printing trade amounts to 394 according to the last

census (1952). This is the highest figure recorded since 1846, when the first proper census was held.

An attempt was made to compare the printing record at various dates with the population figures, but, as the number of literates is not available in most census returns, the comparison would have

served little purpose.

The 1846 and 1852 figures are given, however, for what they are worth. In 1846 Mauritius had a total population of 161,089 of whom about 30,000 were literate in European languages. There were

about 10 printing establishments employing 78 people and the output was 15 publications.* *Exclusive, of course, of periodicals, newspapers and official publications. 5 In 1952 the total population was 501,471 of whom 180,507 were returned as literates (although this

figure probably includes a large number of semi-literates). There were about 30 printing establishments employing 394 people, and the output was 25 publications. *

From these figures it will be seen that in quantity book-production in Mauritius does not seem to have kept pace with the increase of the population. With regard to quality it is not for the bibliographer but for the literary historian to make an

appraisal, and, in fact, several essays have already appeared on the subject, the chief of which is W. Ithier's La littérature de langue française à l'ile Maurice (Paris, Lib. Lac, 1930). This, however, bears only on purely literary publications issued in French, but, as will be seen from the present

record, there are many others to be taken into account. It will be for future students of the Mauritian record to give the matter fuller treatment.

*Exclusive, of course, of periodicals, newspapers and official publications.

A 1-10 7 1768-69

1768

1. DISCOURS prononcé par M. Poivre, Commissaire du Roi, l'un à l'assemblée

générale des habitans de l'Isle de France lors de son arrivée dans la colonie, l'autre à la première assemblée publique du Conseil Supérieur nouvellement établi dans l'Isle. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1768. 50 p? (ABL).

2. EPYTRE présentée à Madame La Dauphine par le Sieur Saunois, Ingénieur

Mécanicien. A l'occasion d'une nouvelle Presse d'Imprimerie de son invention qu'il a eu l'honneur de présenter à cette Princesse l'année 1756. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1768. Fol. 22.3x10.1 (MA. Lib. A1).

First Isle de France imprint. Fully described in A. Toussaint : Early printing in the Mascarene Islands, 1951, p. 30-31.

3. LÉGISLATION pour les Colonies des Isles de France et de Bourbon. A l'Isle

de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1768. 90p. (AN. Col. C4 16).

4. ORDONNANCE de Police qui enjoint aux cabaretiers et autres débitans de

boissons, de faire leurs déclarations de quantités de boissons qu'ils ont chez eux. 38p. (MA. 0A49, no. 9). Dated 22 August 1767, and signed Dumas and Poivre.

5. TARIF du prix du pied cube des bois propres à la construction des vaisseaux

et autres services du Roi qui seront fournis en ce port. 4p. (MA. A33).

Dated 1 January 1768.

1769

6. ÉDIT du Roy, portant création de 2,000,000 de Livres Tournois en Papier

Monnoye, pour les Colonies des Isles de France et de Bourbon. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1769. 4p. (ABL ; MA. 0A93, no. 9). Dated July 1768. Registered in Isle de France 15 June 1769.

7. EXTRAIT de l'Ordonnance du Roi pour fixer le prix des denrées et marchan-

dises à l'Isle de France et de Bourbon, donnée à Compiègne le 28 septembre

1766 et enregistrée au Conseil Supérieur de l'Isle de France le 20 juillet 1767.

A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1769. (ABL).

8. EXTRAIT des Registres du Conseil Supérieur de l'Isle de France. A l'Isle de

France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1769. Fol. 53 x 42. (MA. Lib. Al). Ordinance dated 11 January 1769 and signed : de Candos. Relative to Church services.

9. LETTRES patentes du Roy portant règlement pour les obligations contractées

dans les Isles de France et de Bourbon, enregistrées le 24 août 1769. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1769. 4p. (MA. 0A93, no. 10).

10. ORDONNANCE concernant l'établissement des Milices aux Isles de France et

de Bourbon, du Premier août Mil sept-cent soixante-huit. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1769. 16p. (ABL ; MA. 0A93, no. 11).

8 1769-70 A 11-21

1769

11. ORDONNANCE du Roy sur les encouragemens accordés aux officiers des Milices

des Isles de France et de Bourbon. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale,

1769. 3p. (MA. 0A93, no. 12).

Dated 1 August 1768. Registered in Isle de France on 15 June 1769.

12. ORDONNANCES de Messieurs les Administrateurs du Roy aux Isles de France

et de Bourbon enregistrées au Conseil Supérieur de l'Isle de France. A l'Isle de France, .de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1769, (ABL ; MA. 0A49, no. 15).

Title page only.

13. [PROSPECTUS drawn up by Philibert Commerson for the foundation of an

academy, probably printed in 1769].

Ment. in Lalande : Notice sur Commerson (Journal de physique de l'abbé Rozier, Feb. 1775, p. 89seq.), rep. in F. Magon de St. Elier : Tableaux historiques, politiques et pittoresques de l' Ile de France. 1839, p. 157-158.

14. RÈGLEMENT de Police concernant la Plantation des Arbres dans les Rues et

les Entourages des Emplacemens et Maisons du Port-Louis, Isle de France, du 17 juin 1769. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale. 1769. 4p. (MA.

0A49, no. 10).

15. RÈGLEMENT de Police pour les nouvelles auberges et cantines fait par

François Julien du Dresnay, chevalier seigneur Desroches et Pierre Poivre (31 juillet 1769). A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1769. (ABL).

16. RÈGLEMENT économique sur le défrichement des terres et la conservation des

bois de l'Isle de France. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1769. (ABL). Dated 15 November 1769 and signed : Desroches and Poivre.

17. RÈGLEMENT qui fixe le prix des grains. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie

Royale, 1769. 3p. (ABL ; MA. 0A49, no. 11).

Dated 1 July 1769 and signed : Desroches and Poivre.

18. UNIFORME des milices de l'Isle de France, arrêté le 15 octobre 1769. (ABL).

Signed : Desroches and Bailly.

1770

19. ARRÊTÉ du Conseil d'Etat du Roi concernant le commerce de l'Inde, du 13 août 1769. Extrait des registres du Conseil d'Etat. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1770. (ABL).

20. ARRÊTÉ du Conseil du Roi portant règlement pour le commerce de l'Inde. Du 6 septembre 1769. Extrait des registres du Conseil d'Etat. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1770. (ABL).

21. Avis au Public. 4 p. (MA. 0A49, no. 14).

Dated 20 July 1770, and signed : Dayot. Relative to canteens.

9 1770-72 A 22-30

1770

22. EDIT du Roi portant création d'un contrat de douze cents mille livres de rente,

au principal de Trente millions, au profit de la Compagnie des Indes. Donné à Versailles en mois de Février 1770. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie

Royale, 1770. 4p. (MA. 0A93, no. 13).

23. [ORDONNANCE]. Fol. 62 x 47. (AN. Col. C4 27; MA. Lib. Al).

Dated 16 July 1770 and signed : Desroches and Poivre. Relative to protection of spice plants.

24. ORDONNANCE de Police, portant établissement d'une cantine exclusive dans

l'Ile. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1770. Fol. 47 x 36. (MA.

Lib. Al).

Dated 19 June 1770, and signed : Desroches and Poivre.

25. ORDONNANCE sur la liberté du commerce et la vente de toutes les denrées du

crû de la colonie. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1770. (ABL). Dated 12 April 1770, and signed : Desroches and Poivre.

26. RÈGLEMENT pour la destruction des oiseaux et des rats. A l'Isle de France,

de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1770. 3p. (ABL. MA. 0A49, no. 12). Dated 7 May 1770, and signed : Desroches and Poivre. 1771

27. ARRÊT du Conseil Supérieur de l'Isle de France entre Jean François Frappier

de Boismartin, syndic des créanciers Névé plaignant et accusateur joint à lui le Procureur Général du Roi au Conseil Superieur aussi plaignant et accusa- teur contre René Névé, armateur et habitant de l'Isle de France défaillant contumax ; Jean Louis Thomas Franctot, Baron d'Heurtault, Comte de la Merville ; Jean Charles Houbert, capitaine des troupes nationales ; Simon Joseph Conigliano, ancien capitaine des hussards commandant de quartier à la suite des Plaines de Wilhems ; Guillaume Faucher, chirurgien particulier ; Charles Jacob, notaire et autres accusés défendeurs. '25p.

Dated 20 November 1770, and signed : Poivre and Denis de la Coudraye. Ment. by T. Sauzier, location unknown.

28. ÉDIT du Roi, portant établissement du droit d'un sol pour livre sur le café des

Isles de France et de Bourbon. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1771.

Fol. 47 x 36. (MA. Lib. Al).

Dated March 1771. Registered in Isle de France on 4 September 1771. 1772

29. AVIS au public. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1772. 4p. (BM.

PP. 3801. b).

Dated December 1772 and issued by Nicolas Lambert. Relative to the publication of the first

Isle de France newspaper.

30. INSTRUCTION sur la manière de planter et cultiver avec succès les plants et

graines de girofliers et muscadiers. A l'usage de MM. les Habitans des Isles

A 31-39 10 1772-73

1772
de France et de Bourbon. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1772. 9p. (AN. Col. C4 32).

Possibly issued by Jean Nicolas de Géré.

31. [ORDONNANCE] . A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1772. Fol. 59 x 44.

(MA. Lib. A1).

Dated 16 September 1772 and signed : Ternay and Maillart Dumesle. Relative to physicians and surgeons.

32. [ORDONNANCE] . A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1772. 4p.

(pp. 21-24). (AN. Col. C4 31). Dated 31 October 1772 and signed : Ternay and Maillart Dumesle. Relative to the sale of liquor.

33. [PROCLAMATION] . A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1772. Fol. 42 x

26. (MA. Lib. Al).

Dated 21 September 1772 and signed : Ternay and Maillart Dumesle. Relative to the prevention of fires.

34. [PROCLAMATION] . A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1772. Fol. 42 x

26. (MA. Lib. A1).

Dated 29 September 1772 and signed : Ternay and Maillart Dumesle. Relative to grants of land.

35. [PROCLAMATION] . A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1772. Fol. 42 x

26. (AN. Col. C4 31; MA. Lib. Al).

Dated 1 November 1772 and signed : Ternay and Maillart Dumesle. Relative to police control of non-permanent residents.

36. RÈGLEMENT de MM. les Gouverneur et intendant, sur les Déclarations à faire

au Domaine du Roi. En date du 15 Décembre 1772. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1773. 28p. (pp. 41-68). (AN. Col. C4 31).

37. RÈGLEMENT pour la Commune. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale,

1772. Fol. 88 x 54.5. (MA. Lib. Al).

Dated 16 September 1772 and signed : Maillart Dumesle, Chazal and Thébault. Relative to run-away slaves.

38. RELATION de ce qui est arrivé à Stockholm, le 19 août 1772, au 21 inclusive-

ment. 4p. (BM. PP. 3801. b).

Account of a revolution in Sweden.

1773

39. ACTE d'Union des créanciers de l'établissement des Forges, des Sieurs de

Rostaing et Hermans, abandon par les débiteurs à leurs créanciers de la pro- priété utile de leurs biens pour se payer sur les produits et établissement de Régie aux-dits biens. Nomination du Sr. Hermans à la Régie des Sieurs Magon, Dayot, Launay et Sanson, Sindics Directeurs de l'union et de

A 40-48 11 1773-74

1773
Me Loustau, Notaire à la Direction. Du 20 janvier 1773. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1773. 28p. (AN. Cal. C4 34; MA. Lib. A2). Fully described in A. Toussaint : Early printing in the Mascarene Islands. 1951, p. 63-65.

40. Avis à MM. les habitants de Bourbon. Fol. 22.3 x 17.8. (BM. PP. 3801. b).

Issued by Nicolas Lambert. Relative to the distribution of the first Isle de France newspaper in Bourbon.

41. Avis au public. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1773. Fol. 39x29.

(AN. Col. C4 36). Auction sale announcement relative to the ironworks known as Forges de Mon Désir.

42. EXTRAIT des registres du tribunal terrier. Du Lundi premier Février mil

sept cent soixante treize, le Tribunal terrier assemblé extraordinairement ; séans MM. de Ternay Gouverneur Général, Maillart Dumesle Intendant, Launay, Voisin et de Laleu Conseillers. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimerie

Royale, 1773. Fol. 33.5x32.5. (AN. Col. C4 83).

Relative to grants of land.

43. LETTRE it M. Lemonier, de l'Académie des Sciences, premier médecin

ordinaire du Roi, sur la culture du café. A l'Isle de France, de l'Imprimeriequotesdbs_dbs26.pdfusesText_32

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