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Edited by

George P. Politakis

Tomi Kohiyama

?omas LiebyPOLITAKIS

KOHIYAMA

LIEBYILO100

Edited by

George P. Politakis

Tomi Kohiyama

?omas Lieby

International Labour Oce

Geneva 2019o?o?

Copyright © International Labour Organization 2019

First published 2019

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? ???h? As the International Labour Organization"s centenary year draws to its close, this commemorative volume arising from the ‘ILO100s-sLaw for Social Justice" academic conference, which took place in April 2019, recalls the indelible mark of law in the Organization"s life and action. ée rich contributions show that the ILO remains a captivating research leld for the academic community as well as a powerful vehicle for advancing social justice globally. Law can help normative institutions like the ILO to guarantee insti- tutional continuity as well as to lead change when needed. ée publica- tion bears testimony to this. All the important choices made by the ILO during its lrst hundred years link the past, the present and the future of the Organization in varying degrees. Law has played its part in this process. In this spirit, the ILO Centenary Declaration for the Future of Works-sadopted at the Centenary Session of the International Labour Conference in June 2019s-sis an instrument which reaorms the ILO"s values and priorities and steers it in the context of the realities of the 21
st scentury. ée concept of a human-centred approach to the future of work, which is at the core of the Declaration, translates in contempo- rary terms, the commitment to ‘humane conditions of labour" set out in the original Constitution of the ILO. ée ILO"s responsibility for main- taining a clear, robust, up-to-date body of international labour standards is reaormed together with the fundamental importance of adopting, pro- moting, ratifying and supervising those standards. Likewise, the call for full, equal and democratic participation of constituents in ILO"s tripartite governance is recognized as a precondition for the realization of social justice everywhere. ée Centenary Declaration is not meant to be merely a manifesto of good intentions. What matters lrst and foremost is that it should serve as a catalyst for action by the ILO"s constituents and the multilateral system. It is signilcant that a little more than three months ader its adoption, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution encouraging its implementa- tion. As the UN Secretary General stated, 'the ILO Centenary Declaration is much more than a statement of wishes or intent. It proposes a shi? in the paradigm of how we look at development [...] ?is is an ambitious Declaration, but setting ambitious goals and achieving them is part of the ILO's history [and] thanks to [our] e?orts, it will also be part of its future'. ?is collection of essays o?ers a wealth of expert knowledge on the ILO, international labour law and the broader human rights framework. It con?rms our common responsibility to help shape the international rules and institutions of the multilateral system of tomorrow based on the unwavering conviction that universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice.

Guy Ryder

Director-General

iv oss - law for social justice preface ................................................. iii introduction .......................................... 1

PART ONE

1. ?e ILO and the Structural Transformation of International Law

Georges Abi

-Saab ......................................... 19 2. An Ideal World Like our World, but Completely Di?erent

Philip Allott

.............................................. 25 3.

Les valeurs fondatrices de l?OIT et la promotion

de la citoyenneté sociale - Jalons historiques et dé?s contemporains Jean-Michel Bonvin ....................................... 31 4.

L?OIT et la justice sociale (1919-2019)

Sandrine Kott

............................................ 49 rr. ezé rin íuége lns gnarvi mugeraé vdp ezénsrég 5.

Frameworks for Understanding the ILO

José E. Alvarez

............................................ 59 6.

Does General International Law Incorporate

the Concept of Social Justice?

Marcelo G. Kohen

........................................ 91 7. Viewing the International Labour Organization?s Social

Justice Praxis ?rough a ?ird World Approaches

to International Law Lens: Some Preliminary Insights

Obiora Chinedu Okafor, Titilayo Adebola

and Basema Al-Alami ..................................... 101 8.

A Bridge and a Pivot: ?e ILO and International

Organizations Law in Times of Crisis

Guy Fiti Sinclair

.......................................... 123 eváié nl andeédeg vi ilooss - law for social justice rrr. áéeyééd pnaesrdé vdp ksvaeraé: rdeésdverndvi 9. ILO Convention Practice: Mixed Methods in Norm-Setting for Social Justice 10. Le rôle des résolutions des organisations internationales à la lumière de la jurisprudence de la Cour internationale de Justice

Alain Pellet

............................................... 149 11. General Assembly Action at the Final Stage of the Process of Progressive Development and Codi?cation of International Law by the International Law Commission Eduardo Valencia-Ospina .................................. 161 12.

La contribution de l?OIT au droit des traités

Cristina Hoss et Santiago Villalpando

...................... 169 r. 13. ?e ILO and International Judicial Mechanisms:

A Story of Control and Trust

Laurence Boisson de Chazournes

........................... 189 14. ?e Lost History of the ILO?s Trade Sanctions Steve Charnovitz ......................................... 217 15. Pushback Against Supervisory Systems: Lessons for the ILO from International Human Rights Institutions

Laurence R. Helfer

........................................ 257 16.

Decentralized Enforcement of International Labour

Standards: ?e Role of Domestic Courts

Erika de Wet

............................................. 279 h. vphvdardc vg ndé: rintg esrkvsergb vg v bnpéi 17. ?e ILO and Tripartism: ?e Challenge of Balancing the ?ree-Legged Stool

Janice R. Bellace

.......................................... 289

18. Tri-Plus: Re?ections on Opening the ILO?s Tripartite Structure

Guy Mundlak

............................................ 311 19.

Tripartism as Sustainable Governance

Tonia Novitz

............................................. 337 photo gallery .................................................. 357 ?able of contents vii hr. vdnezés asnyd méyéi: ezé rin vpbrdrgesverhé esráudvi 20. Some Considerations on the Independence of Tribunals of the International Civil Service Giuseppe Barbagallo ...................................... 371 21.
Le problème de la compétence rationeépersonae des juridictions administratives de l?OIT et des Nations Unies: comparaison et déraison? Pierre Bodeau-Livinec ..................................... 377

22. ?e Protection of Legitimate Expectations

in Global Administrative Law Louise Otis and Jérémy Boulanger-Bonnelly ................. 395 23.
?e Contribution of the ILO Administrative Tribunal to the Development of Sta? Dispute Settlement within International Organizations

August Reinisch

.......................................... 439 hrr. ksnbnerdc udrhésgvi ségkéae lns gnarvi : 24.

Beyond a Boundary: On Transnational Labour Law,

Discontent, and Emancipatory Social Justice

Adelle Blackett

........................................... 463 25.

Right to Work and Rights at Work: Is there a Role

for the Human Rights Treaty Bodies?

Virginia Brás Gomes

...................................... 485 26.
?e Political Economy of Decency

Brian Langille

............................................ 503

27. Labour Rights, Human Rights and Challenges of Connectivity

Vitit Muntarbhorn ........................................ 531 hrrr. édzvdardc ezé rbkvae nl rdeésdverndvi dnsbg: 28.
Bene?ts and Limits to Labour-Related Corporate Social

Responsibility Codes

Shin-ichi Ago ............................................. 549

29. ?e ILO?s Centenary Declaration and Social Justice

in the Digital Age

Philip Alston and Jackson Gandour

........................ 565 viii ilooss - law for social justice 30.
International Law in the Making: ?e OECD Experience

Nicola Bonucci

........................................... 587 31.

Enhancing the Impact of International Norms

with Special Reference to Women?s Labour

Rights and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda

Christine Chinkin ........................................ 597 32.

Addressing Corruption: ?e IMF?s New Policy

Sean Hagan

.............................................. 619 33.
International Organizations and the Problem of Privity:

Towards a Supra-Functionalist Approach

Jan Klabbers

.............................................. 629 34.

Is Globalization Finally Re-balancing? Novel Ways

of Levelling the Playing Field for Labour

Joost Pauwelyn

........................................... 647 35.
'Private Faces in Public Places?: Resolving Actors? Interests in International Organizations

Hélène Ruiz Fabri and André Nunes Chaib

................. 661 gkéarvi éhéde - yrilsép médwg iéaeusé gésrég 36.

A Visionary Jurist Dedicated

to the Common Law of Mankind

Bruce Jenks

............................................... 679 snudpeváié prgauggrnd - yzve lueusé znipg: 37.
Challenges and Prospects of International Normative Organizations José E. Alvarez, Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Bruce Jenks, Francis Maupain, Alain Pellet, Miguel de Serpa Soares ....... 687 lvarezi nitgtz - delving into the ilo archives ........ 715 ?able of contents ix

PART TWO

38.
Quelques observations sur l?utilisation des normes de l?OIT par les tribunaux nationaux Xavier Beaudonnet ........................................ 745 39.
La Convention du travail maritime, 2006: renouveau et source d?inspiration du droit international du travail

Alexandre Charbonneau et Beatriz Vacotto

................. 769 40.
?e International Labour Organization as an Autopoietic System

Carlos García Guzmán

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l 797 41.
?e International Labour Code - Myth or Reality?

Tomi Kohiyama and DraŽen Petrović

....................... 815 42.
?e Internal Law of International Organizations and the Quest for Accountability ....................................... 859 43.
What is Work? A Malleable Notion in the ILO?s Legal

Pursuit of Social Justice

Claire La Hovary and Jordi Agustí Panareda

................ 893

44. ?e Interpretation of International Labour Conventions

and the Principle of 'Systemic Integration? - ?e Way Forward for an ILO Tribunal ?omas Lieby ............................................ 923 45.

Technologies, the Future of Work

and the ILO?s Normative Approach

Kroum Markov and María Marta Travieso

.................. 953 46.
Entre marginalisation et réinvention: l?OIT et son action normative face à la mondialisation et à la remise en cause du multilatéralisme

Francis Maupain

.......................................... 981 47.
?inking Inside the Box: ?e Quest for Legal Certainty

George P. Politakis

........................................ 1007 48.
What the New Convention on Violence and Harassment

Tells Us about Human Rights and the ILO

Anne Trebilcock

.......................................... 1031 list of contributors ......................................... 1059 b?t e?shtoe? Anniversaries oden serve, among other things, as a pretext for a certain amount of self-congratulation. ée intention behind this publication, how- ever, is to present the state of current thinking about the role and function of law in managing the fortunes of international organizations in general, and of the International Labour Organization in particular. Paying homage to the legal minds that have accompanied the Organization in the pursuit of its ‘wild dream" is certainly beltting but is only meant to serve as a source of inspiration, not as an opportunity for complacency. éree unique characteristics make the ILO a fascinating case study in legal experimentation; 1 lrst, its longevity and resilience face to adversity and crisis; 2 second, its standard-setting mandate and the impressive record of human rights treaties produced thus far; 3 and third, the unparalleled institutional architecture with all its complexities. 4 éese circumstances have created the spaces-sand the needs-sfor legal ingenuity and pioneering originality. éeorizing about the inadmissibility 1 See Wilfred Jenks, ‘e International Labour Organization as a subject of study for international lawyers" (1938) Journées du droit international du travail, University of Liège. 2 Historians seem to agree that the ILO"s ‘survival" following the demise of the League and the advent of the United Nations was more the result of skilful legal manoeu- vring than a foregone political conclusion; see Daniel Maul, ue International Labour Organizationé-é100éYears of Global Social Policy (De Gruyter 2019) 129-130, 139. No less skilful has been the ILO"s repositioning at the time of the debate around the social dimension of globalization; see Kari Tapiola, ue Teeth of the ILOé-éue Impact of the 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (ILO 2018) 19-38. See also Francis Maupain, ‘L"OIT, la justice sociale et la mondialisation" (1999) 201 Recueil des cours 262-269. 3 With a total of four hundred normative instruments to date, the ILO ‘mill" leads conldently global lawmaking in the human rights leld. Apart from the creation of those instruments per se and the challenges of consistent legal crading in the course of a century, it is the array of legal questionss-sand ingenuous answerss-srelating to reservations, inter- pretation, revision, and supervision of standards that make the ILO norms repository one of unfathomable richness. 4 See Wilfred Jenks, ‘ée Signilcance for International Law of the Tripartite Character of the International Labour Organisation" (1936) 22 Transactions of the Grotius Society 45.

2 ilooss - law for social justice

of reservations to conventions adopted by a tripartite constituency; breaking new ground in PCIJ oral proceedings by securing the partici- pation of workers' and employers' organizations; setting up a monitoring and complaints mechanism for unrati?ed conventions on freedom of asso- ciation; preserving the normative 'acquis' at the time of sweeping decol- onization - these are just a few of the instances where legal thinking seems to have shaped the ILO's identity and showed the direction for its future development. 5 'Law for Social Justice' is a reminder of the role law can play in trans- lating moral aspirations into coherent normative frameworks, giving shape to stable yet ?exible rules, steering the Organization in times of crisis, resisting pushbacks and unlocking impasses among the tripartite con stituents through creative thinking. O?en compared to a Sisyphean task, ILO's action in pursuit of social justice calls for constant adaptation to new needs and law has been serving the Organization's noble ideal with rigour and boldness. Back in 1999, the former ILO Legal Adviser, Francis Maupain, had expressed the view that ‘l"OIT n"est en edet ancienne que parce qu"elle a sur- vécu à diverses crises et, pour survivre, elle a dû profondément se transformer. Dans cette transformation, le droit a eu une place essentielle". 6 ?ere are indeed numerous examples of major ILO institutional reforms which have been devised and operationalized through appropriate legal engineering, mostly for the reinforcement of its system of standards and their supervision or in support of the Organization's singular tripartite structure. In one of his more recent writings, Francis Maupain asked rhetori- cally - 'A second century for what?' 7

Articulating convincing and compelling

5 For more on the legal doctrinal debates in the formative years of the Organization, see Dzovinar Kévonian, ‘Les juristes et l"Organisation internationale du travail 1919-1939. Processus de légitimation et institutionnalisation des relations internationales" (2010) 12

Journal of the History of International Law 227.

6 Francis Maupain, ‘Gardien du patrimoine juridique? Le rôle du Conseiller jurid- ique d"une organisation internationale face au changement" in

Collection of Essays by Legal

Advisers of International Organizations and Practitioners in the Field of International Law (UN 1999) 261. 7 Francis Maupain, 'A Second Century for What? ?e ILO at a Regulatory Crossroad' (2019) International Organizations Law Review 1. ?ntroduction 3 answers is, of course, part of the challenge and requires vision and audacity. Yet, the ILO has never shied away from its responsibilities. ?e combination of ILO's constitutional architecture and the collective wisdom and resource- fulness of its tripartite constituency are the most solid assets to guide the way forward. ?e ILO centenary o?ers an extraordinary opportunity to portray the ILO's dynamism, a dynamism marked by an unwavering commitment to human-centric values, dialogue and pragmatism. At the same time, the ILO centenary commands to look honestly and critically at the missed oppor- tunities, the failures and all un?nished business. At its Centenary session in June of this year, the International Labour Conference adopted the Centenary Declaration for the Future of Work in an e?ort to address the profound changes taking place in the world of work and in the international community and consider how the Organization can respond to those momentous challenges and complexi- ties. ?e Centenary Declaration was dra?ed as a concise and action-oriented document that identi?es challenges, sets the long-term strategic direction of the Organization and consolidates the ILO as the global authority on labour and employment matters. ?e ILO has never believed that future is predetermined. ?e arduous task of promoting social justice is far from being completed. Over the last one hundred years, relentless e?orts have been deployed with considerable results for the promotion of social justice. Yet this - as much as the 'uni- versal and lasting peace' it purports to engender - remains an ideal yet to be attained. ?is publication is based on the proceedings of the 'ILO100 - Law for Social Justice' international conference which was held at the ILO head- quarters in Geneva on 15-17 April 2019. ?e three-day event was organized as part of the centenary celebrations in order to pay tribute to the legal tradition of the ILO and showcase its multiple contributions to the devel- opment of international law. Because of its normative agenda, ILO's existence is identi?ed with law- making, both at the international and the national level. ?e constituent act

4 ilooss - law for social justice

of the Organization one hundred years ago was a multilateral treaty - in fact several multilateral treaties as the ILO Constitution was inserted in all the peace treaties concluded at the end of the Great War. As one of the ?rst non- State subject of international law, the ILO has both witnessed and shaped the development of what have now become major ?elds of public inter- national law, such as the law of international institutions, the law of treaties, or the privileges and functional immunities of international civil servants. In the first years of its existence, the ILO's institutional identity was molded by the World Court of the time - the Permanent Court of International Justice - which rendered key advisory opinions determining, among others, the scope of the normative mandate of the Organization. ?e founding fathers attributed to the adoption and implementation of international labour standards a prominent role in the realization of the ILO constitutional objectives. In fact, the ILO's unique tripartite govern- ance was geared towards the preparation and adoption of global labour standards. Half of the provisions of the ILO Constitution are dedicated to standard-setting and the application of standards. Many of ILO's interactions with its Members at the national level are also legal in nature, involving a number of institutions and actors, starting with national parliaments to which all Members have the obligationquotesdbs_dbs26.pdfusesText_32

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