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Philippine Politics and Society in

the Twentieth Century Well over a decade has passed since the dramatic 'People Power Revolution" in Manila, yet until now no book-length study has emerged to examine the manifold changes underway in the Philippines in the post-Marcos era. This book fills that gap.Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century offers historical depth and sophisticated theoretical insight into contemporary life in the archipelago. Organised as a set of interrelated thematic essays rather than a chronological account, the book addresses key topics which will be of interest to the academic and non-academic reader, such as trends in national-level and local politics, the role of ethnic-Chinese capital in the Philippine economy, nationalism and popular culture, and various forms of political violence and extra-electoral contestation. Drawing on a wide variety of primary and secondary sources, as well as over a decade of research and work in the area, Hedman and Sidel provide an invaluable overview of the contemporary and historical scene of a much misunderstood part of Southeast Asia. This book fills an important gap in the literature for readers interested in understanding the Philippines as well as students of Asian studies, comparative politics, political economy and cultural studies. Eva-Lotta E. Hedman is Lecturer in Asian-Pacific Politics at the University of Nottingham.John T. Sidel is Lecturer in Southeast Asian Politics at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

Korea versus Korea

A case of contested legitimacy

B.K. Gills

Taiwan and Chinese Nationalism

National identity and status in international

society

Christopher Hughes

Managing Political Change in Singapore

The elected presidency

Kevin Y.L. Tan and Lam Peng Er

Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy

Shanti Nair

Political Change in Thailand

Democracy and participation

Kevin Hewison

The Politics of NGOs in South-East Asia

Participation and protest in the Philippines

Gerard Clarke

Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir

R.S. Milne and Diane K. Mauzy

Indonesia and China

The politics of a troubled relationship

Rizal Sukma

Arming the Two Koreas

State, capital and military power

Taik-young Hamm

Engaging China

The management of an emerging power

Edited by Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross

Singapore"s Foreign Policy

Coping with vulnerability

Michael Leifer

Philippine Politics and Society in the

Twentieth Century

Colonial legacies, post-colonial trajectories

Eva-Lotta E. Hedman and John T. Sidel

Constructing a Security Community in

Southeast Asia

ASEAN and the problem of regional order

Amitav AcharyaASEAN and the Security of South-EastAsiaMichael Leifer

China"s Policy towards Territorial

Disputes

The case of the South China Sea Islands

Chi-kin Lo

India and Southeast Asia

Indian perceptions and policies

Mohammed Ayoob

Gorbachev and Southeast Asia

Leszek Buszynski

Indonesian Politics under Suharto

Order, development and pressure for change

Michael R.J. Vatikiotis

The State and Ethnic Politics in

Southeast Asia

David Brown

The Politics of Nation Building and

Citizenship in Singapore

Michael Hill and Lian Kwen Fee

Politics in Indonesia

Democracy, Islam and the ideology of

tolerance

Douglas E. Ramage

Communitarian Ideology and

Democracy in Singapore

Beng-Huat Chua

The Challenge of Democracy in Nepal

Louise Brown

Japan"s Asia Policy

Wolf Mendl

The International Politics of the Asia-

Pacific, 1945-1995

Michael Yahuda

Political Change in Southeast Asia

Trimming the Banyan tree

Michael R.J. Vatikiotis

Hong Kong

China"s challenge

Michael Yahuda

Politics in Asia series

Edited by Michael Leifer

London School of Economics

Philippine Politics and

Society in the Twentieth

Century

Colonial legacies, post-colonial

trajectories

Eva-Lotta E. Hedman and

John T. Sidel

London and New York

First published 2000

by Routledge

11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Routledge is an imprint of the

T aylor & F rancis Group

© 2000 Eva-Lotta E. Hedman and John T. Sidel

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Hedman, Eva-Lotta E.

Philippine politics and society in the twentieth century : colonial legacies, post-colonial trajectories / Eva-Lotta E. Hedman and

John T. Sidel.

p. cm. - (Politics in Asia series)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Philippines-Politics and government-20th century.

2. Philippines-Social conditions-20th century. I. Sidel, John

II. Title. III. Series.

DS685 H43 2000

959.904′7- dc21

00-028445

ISBN 0-415-14790-5 (hbk)

ISBN 0-415-14791-3 (pbk)

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Rout ledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to ww w .eBookstore.tandf.co.uk." ISBN

0-203-99201-6

Master

e-book ISBN To our families in Sweden and the United States and to those who took us into their homes in Manila and Cebu.

Contentsvii

Contents

Series editor"s prefaceix

Acknowledgementsxi

List of abbreviationsxiii

1 Introduction 1

2Trasformismo and Philippine democracy 13

3 Morbid symptoms and political violence in the

Philippines 36

4 'Forget it, Jake, it"s Chinatown" 65

5The Last Hurrah revisited 88

6 Malling Manila: images of a city, fragments of a century 118

7 From Pugad Lawin to Pugad Baboy: the making of the

'new native" 140

8 The Sulu zone revisited: the Philippines in Southeast

Asia 166

Bibliography183

Index199

viiiContents

Series editor"s prefaceix

Series editor"s preface

The study of Philippine politics has tended to take the socio-cultural legacies of a lengthy Spanish rule as its intellectual point of entry. Although the impact of a succeeding American colonialism has not been disregarded, especially in contri- buting to economic dependency, the overall emphasis of scholarly enquiry has been on political continuity rather than on political change. Indeed, such an emphasis would appear justified with the political reversion attendant on the downfall of the late President Marcos and the restoration of constitutional democracy. This set of interconnected essays by Dr Eva-Lotta Hedman and Dr John Sidel represents a scholarly attempt to redress the balance of analysis in interpreting the nature of Philippine politics during the course of the Twentieth Century and, in particular, during its last two decades. Their declared interest is to highlight the factor of political change during the last century through illumina- ting the impact of capitalist development on Philippine society. Moreover, they stress the peculiarly American nature of the Philippine state as a consequence of the structures erected and imposed during the course of its colonial era. Instead of just registering the evident resilience of a predatory oligarchy and the way in which democracy has been bent to its will, the authors pay special attention to the centrality of elections and the formative role that this American-bequeathed institution has played in patterns of class and state formation. These engrossing and well-researched essays, which invoke the perspective of comparative historical sociology, stand at the cutting-edge of social science research on the Philippines. The authors, with evident modesty, suggest that this volume is not intended to serve as a definitive work. That may or may not be the case but it is very likely that these highly readable essays will make an important contribution to revising conventional interpretations of Philippine politics. Indeed, it is possible that through their impact, the study of Philippine politics will be obliged to change. For that reason, this volume is to be commended both to country specialists and to students of Comparative Politics.

Michael Leifer

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