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THE

HIDDEN WEALTH

OF CITIES

Creating, Financing, and Managing

Public Spaces

THE HIDDEN WEALTH OF CITIES

THE HIDDEN WEALTH OF CITIES

Creating, Financing, and Managing

Public Spaces

Jon Kher Kaw,

Hyunji Lee, and

Sameh Wahba, Editors

© 2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

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Attribution - Please cite the work as follows:

Kaw, Jon Kher, Hyunji Lee, and Sameh Wahba, editors. 2020. The Hidden Wealth of Cities: Creating, Financing, and Managing Public Spaces.

Washington, DC: World Bank.

doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1449-5. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO

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ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1449-5

ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1493-8

DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1449-5

Cover illustration:

Ecosistema Urbano

Cover design:

Jon Kher Kaw

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019953865

CONTENTS

Foreword xv

Acknowledgments

xvii

About the Editors

xxi

Abbreviations

xxiii

Overview 1

Urbanization and the Need for Space 1

Functional Cities, Vibrant Places 2

Public Spaces: Liabilities or Assets? 4

Attributes of Successful Public Spaces: A Framework 6

Actors and Stakeholders 7

Planning Process and Data 11

Strategy and Approach 14

Financing and Funding 20

Management and Governance 24

Strategies for Unlocking the Value of Public-Space Assets 26

Notes 30

References 31

PART I

PLANNING, FUNDING, AND MANAGING PUBLIC SPACES:

AN ASSET MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

35

Chapter 1

The Importance of Investing in Public Spaces 37

Introduction 37

The Global Agenda for Public Spaces 37

Emerging Issues and Challenges for Cities 38

The Evolving Role of Public Spaces in Cities 39

Notes 41

References 41

VI THE HIDDEN WEALTH OF CITIES

Chapter 2 Dening Public Spaces 43

Framing Public Spaces and “Publicness": Owners, Managers, and User s 43 Physical Public-Space Assets: Streets, Open and Green Areas, and Public Facilities 51

Notes 51

References 52

Chapter 3

An Asset Management Approach to Planning, Funding, and Managing Public Spaces 55

Introduction 55

A Framework for Placing Public Spaces within an Asset Management Context 56
Applying the Asset Management Framework to Publicly Owned Public Spaces 69
Applying the Asset Management Plan to Privately Owned Public Spaces (POPS) 88

Conclusions: What Can Be Learned? 90

Notes 92

References 92

PART II

SHAPING THE PUBLIC REALM: DATA AND

SPATIAL ANALYTICS

95

Chapter 4

Evidence-based Planning and Design 97

Public Spaces as Citywide Networks 97

Innovations in Measuring the Public Realm 99

Comparative Analysis and Case Studies 104

Key Takeaways 104

Notes 107

References 107

Chapter 5

Analyzing Spatial Patterns of Public Spaces in Cities through Remote Sensing 109

Overview 109

Spatial Assessment 112

Case Studies: Dhaka, Karachi, and Lima 118

Notes 127

References 128

Chapter 6

Assessing the Quality and Use of Public Spaces 129

Overview 129

Public-Space Inventory 130

Public-Space Performance 131

Case Studies: Nairobi, Addis Ababa, Wuhan, and Bamenda 139

Notes 147

References 148

Chapter 7

Mapping User Activity Using Social Media and Big Data 151

Overview 151

Case Studies: Tbilisi, Wuhan, and Beijing 151

References 156

CONTENTS VII

PART III SUSTAINING THE PUBLIC-SPACE LIFE CYCLE:

LESSONS FROM CITIES

159

Chapter 8

Framing the Public-Space Case Studies 161

Overview 161

Phase 1: Context 164

Phase 2: Planning and Design 166

Phase 3: Implementation 178

Phase 4: Management 182

Phase 5: Impact Evaluation 184

Conclusion: Lessons from Case Studies 188

Notes 189

References 190

Chapter 9

Beijing, China: Regenerating Traditional Public Spaces in the Historic City Core 191

Key Takeaways 191

City Dynamics 192

Dashilar Regeneration Model and Yangmeizhu Lane 195

Dashilar Pocket Spaces 210

Notes 219

References 221

Chapter 10

Colombo, Sri Lanka: Enhancing Urban Resilience and Livability by Leveraging Natural and Ecological Assets

223

Key Takeaways 223

City Dynamics 224

Beddagana Wetland Park 227

Crow Island Beach Park 239

Notes 246

References 246

Chapter 11

Karachi, Pakistan: Reclaiming Safe and Inclusive Urban Spaces through Citizen Mobilization 249

Key Takeaways 249

City Dynamics 250

Eduljee Dinshaw Road 252

Pakistan Chowk Initiative 259

I AM KARACHI Movement 263

Notes 265

References 266

Chapter 12

Lima, Peru: Transforming Fragmented Areas into Inclusive Public Spaces through Local Governance 267

Key Takeaways 267

City Dynamics 268

Plaza 31 274

Las Begonias 278

Parque Ecológico 285

Notes 288

References 289

VIII THE HIDDEN WEALTH OF CITIES

Chapter 13 Brooklyn, New York: Creating an Innovation District through

Placemaking, and Public and Private Investments

291

Key Takeaways 291

City Dynamics 292

Public Spaces of Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass (DUMBO) 300

Brooklyn Cultural District 308

Notes 318

References 319

Chapter 14

Seoul, Republic of Korea: Rejuvenating Neighborhoods by Creatively Repurposing Urban Infrastructure and Buildings

321

Key Takeaways 321

City Dynamics 322

Gyeongui Line Forest Park 324

Gusandong Library Village 334

Yonsei-Ro 340

Notes 347

References 347

Chapter 15

Singapore: Enhancing Urban Health and Vibrancy by Leveraging

Streets, Park Connectors, and Marketplaces

349

Key Takeaways 349

City Dynamics 350

Orchard Road 354

Park Connector Network 369

Hawker Centers 375

Notes 384

References 384

Chapter 16

Tbilisi, Georgia: Preserving Historic Public Spaces in a Rapidly Changing City 387

Key Takeaways 387

City Dynamics 388

New Tifiis 390

Vake Park 396

Notes 401

References 401

APPENDICES

405

Appendix A

Denitions of Spatial Terms 407

Appendix B

Metadata for EO4SD-Urban Public Space Assessment 411

Appendix C

Metadata for UN-Habitat"s Public-Space Measurement 419 Boxes 2.1

Experiences with POPS in New York City 46

2.2 Creating Open and Green Spaces in Dense Urban Environments 48 3.1 Adelaide, Australia: Park Lands and Open Space Asset Management Plan,

2016-20

58
3.2 Land-Based Financing Associated with Creation of Public Spaces 60 3.3 Stuttgart 21, Germany: Controversy over a Public Park 64 3.4 Enhancing Asset Management Efficiency through Sustainable Development 72

CONTENTS IX

3.5 Typical Division of Street Space Management among Government Agencies 76

3.6 Outsourcing Planning and Management of Public Toilets to a Private

Start-up in Dhaka, Bangladesh

82
3.7 Balykchy, Kyrgyz Republic: A Country's First Competitive Outsourcing of Municipal Park Management 84
4.1 Using Urban Heat Maps to Better Design Public Spaces in Hodonin, Czech Republic 100
4.2

Intelligent Neighborhoods 102

5.1

Barcelona, Spain: Converting Neighborhood Street Grids to “Superblocks" and Scaling Up to City Level

114
8.1 Singapore and Bangkok: Integrating Resilient Infrastructure with Public Spaces 170 10.1 The Site Selection Process for Beddagana Wetland Park 228 13.1 Voluntary Inclusionary Housing: New York City's Affordable Housing Program 316 15.1

Tourism 21 - Vision of a Tourism Capital 358

Figures

O.1 Framework for Conceptualizing and Managing Public-Space Assets 8 O.2 Examples of Public Space Creation through Various Public and Private

Arrangements

11 O.3 Transformation of Underused Parking Lots to Plaza 31, San Isidro District, Lima, Peru 16 O.4 Landscapes Before and After Completion of BWP Project, Colombo, Sri Lanka 18 O.5 Rehabilitation of Gwanghwamun Square, Seoul, to Connect Cultural Attractions, 2018 19 2.1 Examples of Public Spaces by Ownership, Management, and User Group 50 3.1 Key Elements and Context of an Asset Management Framework 57

B3.2.1

Model of Land Readjustment for Public Spaces and Infrastructure 61

B3.2.2

Planning for the Central Business District, Ahmedabad, India 63

B3.4.1

Proposed Redevelopment of Community Centers in Dhaka, Bangladesh 73

B3.5.1

How People Use and Experience Streetscapes and How Streets Are Managed by Institutional Jurisdictions

77

B4.1.1

Various Scenarios of Square Designs and Urban Heat Maps in Masaryk Square, Hodonin, Czech Republic 101

B4.2.1

Applications of Urban Tech to Street Design and Management 103 5.1 Cities' Quality of Living Rankings in Relation to Population Density, 2019 111 5.2 Proportion of Public Spaces in Selected Cities, by Type, Identified from Remote Sensing,

2018 113

B5.1.1

Barcelona's Superblocks Model for Urban Mobility in Public Spaces 115 5.3

Share of Urban Built-Up Areas Near Public Spaces, by Distance from City Center, in Selected Cities, 2017

116
5.4 Connectivity of Public Spaces in Selected Cities, 2017 117 5.5 Average Street Intersection Density, by Distance from Selected City Centers, 2019 117
6.1 Distribution of Ownership and Management Structure of Open Public Spaces in Four Case Cities 131
6.2 Radar Diagram of Public-Space Comparative Index Scores in Four Case Cities 132 6.3 Radar Diagram Comparing the Safety of Public Spaces in Four Case Cities 133 6.4 Intensity of Activities in Public Spaces in Four Case Cities 134 6.5 Radar Diagram Comparing the Inclusivity of Public Spaces in Four Case Cities 135 6.6 Distribution of Public-Space Access, by Type, in Four Case Cities 136 6.7 Radar Diagram Comparing the Accessibility of Public Spaces in Four Case

Cities 137

6.8 Radar Diagram Comparing the Spatial Distribution of Public Space in Four Case Cities 139

X THE HIDDEN WEALTH OF CITIES

7.1 Radar Diagrams of Overall Physical Conditions of Metro Station Areas,

Beijing, China

156
8.1 Phases of Public-Space Enhancement Projects, by Type 163

B8.1.1

Institutional Division before Renovation of Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore 171

B8.1.2

Functions of Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore 172

B8.1.3

Features of Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park, Bangkok 173 8.2 The Park Connector Network (PCN), Singapore: Incorporating Public Spaces alongside Infrastructure 174
8.3 Preserved Historical Building Facades of Aghmashenebeli Avenue in Tbilisi, Georgia 175
8.4 Gyeongui Line Forest Park in Seoul: Well Connected to Urban Environments 176 8.5 Public Space Features to Protect People from Extremely Hot Weather 177 8.6 Shift from Car-Oriented to Human-Centered Street Design in Las Begonias, Lima 179
8.7 Archway of the Manhattan Bridge, Brooklyn, before and after 2008 Reopening 186
9.1 Proposed Streetscape Design for Yangmeizhu Lane in the Dashilar Area, Beijing 201 9.2

Three-Grade Strategy for Cultural Heritage Conservation and Building Renovation on Yangmeizhu Lane, Dashilar Area, Beijing

204
9.3 Institutional Arrangement of the Dashilar Platform 205 10.1 Reduction of Green Space in Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1980-2015 226 10.2 Landscape Master Plan of Beddagana Wetland Park, Colombo, Sri Lanka 230 10.3

Stratication of Vegetation in a Wetland 233

10.4 Landscapes before and after Completion of the BWP Project, Colombo, Sri Lanka 238
10.5 Layout of Crow Island Beach Park, Colombo, Sri Lanka 241 10.6 How People Use Crow Island Beach Park, Colombo, Sri Lanka 245 11.1 Decline in Cultural Spaces in Karachi, Pakistan, 1965-95 251 11.2 Master Plan of Eduljee Dinshaw Road Project, Karachi, Pakistan 254 11.3 Pakistan Chowk Restoration Project, Karachi, Pakistan 260 12.1

Lima, Peru: A Caged City 271

12.2 “Before" and “After" Views of Plaza 31, San Isidro District, Lima, Peru 276 13.1

Neighborhood Character and Amenities Ranked as Top Factors in Real Estate Selection, Brooklyn Firms, 2012

295
13.2 Sample Changes in Property Value, Pearl Street Triangle, Brooklyn, 2006-18 306 13.3 Growth in Subway Ridership, DUMBO Area, Brooklyn, 2007-17 307 13.4 Brooklyn Cultural District Streetscape Installation Status, April 2019 314 14.1 Section of Gyeongui-seon before and after Conversion Project 325 14.2 Levels of Citizen Participation in GLFP Design Process 326 14.3 Plan for Connecting Pedestrians with Surroundings in GLFP, Seoul 329 14.4 Stakeholders of Gyeongui-seon Line Forest Park Project, Seoul 330 14.5 Gusandong Library Village, Seoul: An Inclusive Structure for Diverse Activities and Users 336
14.6 Final Design Plan for Gusandong Library Village, Seoul 337 14.7 Walkability and Mobility Improvements on Yonsei-ro, Old Downtown Seoul 342 14.8 Steering Committee for Yonsei-ro Project, Seoul 344 15.1 Integrated Design Components for Orchard Road Improvements, Singapore 357 15.2 Possible Urban Veranda and Façade Articulation Incentives in Orchard Road, Singapore 360
15.3 Possible Types of Landscape Replacement Areas under the LUSH program, Singapore 363
15.4 Typical Spatial Design Typologies for the PCN, Singapore 372

CONTENTS XI

15.5 Site-Specic Layouts and Universal Designs for All: External Structures and

Internal Flow of Hawker Centers, Singapore

378
16.1 Streetscape of Aghmashenebeli Avenue, Tbilisi, Georgia 393 16.2 The Range of Property Values in New Tifiis Rehabilitation Area, Tbilisi, Georgia, 2015 and 2017 394
B.1

Rule Set for Classifying Public Spaces 414

Maps C.1

Cities Referenced in Case Studies xiv

5.1 Spatial Distribution of Urban Growth and Transport Network in Dhaka, Bangladesh 118
5.2 Connectivity of Public Spaces in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2019 119 5.3 Public-Space Distribution, by Type, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2019 120 5.4 Spatial Distribution of Urban Growth and Road Networks in Karachi, Pakistan 122 5.5 Connectivity of Public Spaces across Karachi, Pakistan, 2019 122 5.6 Public-Space Distribution, by Type, in Karachi, Pakistan, 2019 123 5.7 Extent of Settlement Development in Study Area of Lima, Peru, 1990-2015 124 5.8

Road Networks in Lima, Peru, 2019 125

5.9 Connectivity of Public Spaces across Lima, Peru, 2019 125 5.10 Public-Space Distribution, by Type, in Lima, Peru, 2019 126 6.1 Relationship between Green Spaces and Surface Temperature in Wuchang District, Wuhan, China, 2018 138
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