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Vulnerability and adaptation to

climate change in Europe

EEA Technical report No 7/2005

ISSN 1725-2237

X

Vulnerability and adaptation to

climate change in Europe

EEA Technical report No 7/2005

Cover design: EEA

Layout: Scanprint A/S, EEA

Legal notice

The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Commission or other institutions of the European Communities. Neither th e European Environment Agency nor any person or company acting on behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report.

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No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without the

permission in writing from the copyright holder. For translation or reproduction rights please contact

EEA (address information below).

Information about the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the

Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2 006

ISBN 92-9167-814-7

ISSN 1725-2237

© EEA, Copenhagen 2006

European Environment Agency

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1050 Copenhagen K

Denmark

Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00

Fax: +45 33 36 71 99

Web: www.eea.eu.int

Enquiries: www.eea.eu.int/enquiries

3

Contents

Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Europe Acknowledgements ........................................................................ ............................5 Executive summary ........................................................................ ............................6 1

Introduction .........................................................................................................

9 1.1

Background ....................................................................................................

9 1.2

Objectives of the report ..................................................................................

10 1.3

Definitions of vulnerability and adaptation .........................................................

10 1.4

Scope of the report

1.5

Sources of information ....................................................................................

12 1.6

Outline of the report .......................................................................................

12 2

EU policy frameworks ........................................................................................

13 2.1

Climate change policies ...................................................................................

13 2.2

Integration in other policies .............................................................................

13 3 Vulnerability in Europe - sectoral perspectives ................................................. 15 3.1 Vulnerability of natural environment and associated services ............................... 15 3.1.1 Natural ecosystems and biodiversity ....................................................... 15 3.1.2 Agriculture ........................................................................ 16 3.1.3 Fisheries ........................................................................ 18 3.1.4 Forestry ........................................................................ 19 3.1.5

Mountains and sub arctic regions

3.1.6 Water resources ........................................................................ 21
3.1.7 Coastal zones ........................................................................ 21
3.2

Vulnerability of socio-economic sectors .............................................................

23
3.2.1 Tourism ........................................................................ 23
3.2.2 Human health care ........................................................................ 24
3.2.3

Energy

........................25 3.3

Conclusions ..................................................................................................

26
3.3.1 Key vulnerability issues ........................................................................ 26
3.3.2 Limitations of vulnerability assessments and further needs 2 7 4 Adaptation to climate change impacts in Europe: country perspectives 2 9 4.1

Introduction .................................................................................................

29
4.2 National policy frameworks for adaptation ......................................................... 30
4.3 Enhancing scientific capacity for adaptation ....................................................... 33
4.4 Adaptation measures to address key vulnerability issues ..................................... 35
4.4.1 Maintaining the health of Europe's ecosystems ......................................... 35
4.4.2 Managing Europe's water resources ........................................................ 36
4.4.3

Protec

ting people and infrastructure from coastal and river floods 36 4.4.4 Preventing and managing natural hazards ............................................... 38
4.4.5 Ensuring good health of the population ................................................... 39
4.4.6 Coping with changing dynamics in business ............................................. 40
4.5

Summary ......................................................................................................

41

Contents

Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Europe

Contents

4 5 Key challenges and opportunities for adaptation in Europe ................................42 5.1

Challenges ....................................................................................................

42
5.1.1 Limitations in scenarios ........................................................................ 42
5.1.2 Gaps in knowledge for supporting adaptation decisions and actions 4 3 5.1.3 Lack of policy guidance and institutional support ...................................... 43
5.1.4 Insufficient coordination between sectors and countries ............................. 44
5.2

Opportunities .................................................................................................

44
5.2.1 Growing awareness ........................................................................ 45
5.2.2 Market opportunities ........................................................................ 45
5.2.3 'Win-win' options ........................................................................ 45
5.2.4 'No-regret' strategies ........................................................................ 46
6

Conclusions ........................................................................................................

47
6.1 Scientific and technical capacity in support of adaptation planning ........................ 47
6.1.1

Scenario data for in-depth impacts, vulnerability

and adaptation assessments ............................................................................47

6.1.2 Comprehensive and quantitative assessments .......................................... 47
6.1.3 Integrated assessment ........................................................................ 47
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