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Reference Document for the
Production of Pulp, Paper and Board
Industrial Emissions Directive
2010/75/EU
(Integrated PollutionPrevention and Control)
Michael Suhr, Gabriele Klein, Ioanna Kourti,
Miguel Rodrigo Gonzalo, Germán Giner Santonja,
Serge Roudier, Luis Delgado Sancho
2015Report EUR 27235 EN
European Commission
Joint Research Centre
Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
Contact information
European IPPC Bureau
Address: Joint Research Centre, Edificio Expo c/ Inca Garcilaso 3, E-41092 Seville, SpainE-mail: JRC-IPTS-EIPPCB@ec.europa.eu
Tel.: +34 95 4488 284
Fax: +34 95 4488 426
http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.euLegal Notice
Under the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 on the Re-use of Commission Documents (2011/833/EU), the present
BREF document is subject to free re-use, except for parts covered by any third-party rights which may be present in the
document (such as images, tables, data, written material, or similar, the rights to which need to be acquired separately from
their respective rights-holders for further use). The European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from
the re-use of this publication. Any re-use is subject to the acknowledgement of the source and non-distortion of the original
meaning or messageAll images © European Union 2015, except: Cover pictures credits, from the top-left to the bottom: 1. © Fotolia.com Y
lnzyx; 2. © Fotolia.com YMoreno Soppelsa; 3. © Fotolia.com YEyeMark; 4. © Fotolia.com Yitrija; 5. © Fotolia.com YMoreno
Soppelsa; 6. © Fotolia.com Ymiket; 7. © Fotolia.com Yhxdyl. JRC95678EUR 27235 EN
ISBN 978-92-79-48167-3 (PDF)
ISSN 1831-9424 (online)
doi:10.2791/370629 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015© European Union, 2015
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.Abstract
an exchange of information between EU Member States, the industries concerned, non-governmental organisations
promoting environmental protection, and the Commission, to draw up, review and, where necessary, update BAT reference
documents as required by Article 13(1) of the Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions. This document is published by
the European Commission pursuant to Article 13(6) of the Directive. This BREF for the production of
pulp, paper and board covers the activities specified in Sections 6.1(a) and 6.1(b) of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU, i.e.
the integrated and non-integrated production in industrial installations of: (a) pulp from timber or other fibrous materials; (b) paper or cardboard with a production capacity exceeding 20 tonnes per day. In particular, this document covers the following processes and activities: - chemical pulping: (a) kraft (sulphate) pulping process (b) sulphite pulping process - mechanical and chemimechanical pulping - processing paper for recycling with and without deinking - papermaking and related processes - all recovery boilers and lime kilns operated in pulp and paper mills.Important issues for the implementation of Directive 2010/75/EU in the pulp, paper and board industry are the emissions
to air of nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, dust, total reduced sulphur and ammonia; emissions to water of organic carbon,
suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus and adsorbable organically bound halogens. The BREF contains nine chapters.
Chapters 1 and 2 provide general information on the pulp, paper and board industry and on the common industrial
processes and techniques used within the whole sector. Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 correspond to the following specific
sectors: kraft (sulphate) pulping process, sulphite pulping process, mechanical and chemimechanical pulping, processing of
paper for recycling with and without deinking, and papermaking and related processes. For each sector, these five chapters
provide information and data concerning the applied processes and techniques; the environmental performance of
installations in terms of current emissions, consumption of raw materials, water and energy, and generation of waste; the
techniques to prevent or reduce the environmental impact of installations; and the emerging techniques. In Chapter 8 the
BAT conclusions, as defined in Article 3(12) of the Directive, are presented for the pulp, paper and board industry.
Chapter 9 is dedicated to concluding remarks and recommendations for future work regarding the sector.
Best Available Techniques (BAT)
Reference Document for the
Production of Pulp, Paper and Board
Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU
Integrated Pollution Prevention and control
Authors:
Michael Suhr
Gabriele Klein
Ioanna Kourti
Miguel Rodrigo Gonzalo
Germán Giner Santonja
Serge Roudier
Luis Delgado Sancho
2015EUR 27235 EN
Acknowledgements
This report was produced by the European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau (EIPPCB) at the European
Commission's Joint Research Centre Y Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) under the supervision of
Serge Roudier (Head of the EIPPCB) and Luis Delgado Sancho (Head of the Sustainable Production and Consumption Unit).
The authors of this BREF were Mr Michael Suhr, Ms Gabriele Klein, Ms Ioanna Kourti, Mr Miguel Rodrigo Gonzalo and Mr Germán
Giner Santonja. Mr Michael Parth participated in the reactivation of the Technical Working Group and started the review of the
BREF.This report was drawn up in the framework of the implementation of the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU) and is the
result of the exchange of information provided for in Article 13 of the Directive.Major contributors of information were:
among industry, the Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI); among environmental NGOs, the European Environmental Bureau (EEB);among EU Member States, Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, and the United Kingdom;
among non-EU EEA Member States, Norway. The whole EIPPCB team provided contributions and peer reviewing. This document is one from the series of foreseen documents listed below (at the time of writing not all of the documents have been drafted):Best Available Techniques Reference Document Code
Ceramic Manufacturing Industry CER
Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the ChemicalSector CWW
Emissions from Storage EFS
Energy Efficiency ENE
Ferrous Metals Processing Industry FMP
Food, Drink and Milk Industries FDM
Industrial Cooling Systems ICS
Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs IRPP
Iron and Steel Production IS
Large Combustion Plants LCP
Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers Industries LVIC-AAF Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals Solids and Others industry LVIC-SLarge Volume Organic Chemical Industry LVOC
Management of Tailings and Waste-rock in Mining Activities MTWRManufacture of Glass GLS
Manufacture of Organic Fine Chemicals OFC
Non-ferrous Metals Industries NFM
Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide CLMProduction of Chlor-alkali CAK
Production of Polymers POL
Production of Pulp, Paper and Board PP
Production of Speciality Inorganic Chemicals SIC
Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas REF
Slaughterhouses and Animals By-products Industries SASmitheries and Foundries Industry SF
Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics STM
Surface Treatment Using Organic Solvents STS
Tanning of Hides and Skins TAN
Textiles Industry TXT
Waste Incineration WI
Waste Treatments Industries WT
Wood and Wood Products Preservation with Chemicals WPCWood-based Panels Production WBP
Reference Document
Economics and Cross-media Effects ECM
General Principles of Monitoring MON
Electronic versions of draft and finalised documents are publicly available and can be downloaded from http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.Preface
Production of Pulp, Paper and Board i
PREFACE
1. Status of this document
2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and the Council on industrial emissions (integrated
pollution prevention and control) (Recast). The original best available techniques (BAT) reference document (BREF) on Production of Pulp, Paper and Board was adopted by the European Commission in 2001. This document is the result of a review of that BREF. The review commenced in April 2006. This BAT reference document for the Production of Pulp, Paper and Board forms part of a series presenting the results of an exchange of information between EU Member States, the industries concerned, non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection and the Commission, to draw up, review, and where necessary, update BAT reference documents as required by Article 13(1) of the Directive. This document is published by the European Commission pursuant to Article 13(6) of the Directive. As set out in Article 13(5) of the Directive, the Commission Implementing Decision2014/687/EU on the BAT conclusions contained in Chapter 8 was adopted on 26 September
2014 and published on 30 September 2014.1
2. Participants in the information exchange
As required in Article 13(3) of the Directive, the Commission has established a forum to
promote the exchange of information, which is composed of representatives from Member States, the industries concerned and non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection (Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 establishing a forum for the exchange of information pursuant to Article 13 of the Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (2011/C146/03), OJ C 146, 17.05.2011, p. 3).
Forum members have nominated technical experts constituting the technical working group (TWG) that was the main source of information for drafting this document. The work of the TWG was led by the European IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre).3. Structure and contents of this document
Chapter 1, the Sections 2.1 to 2.8 of Chapter 2 and the first sections of Chapters 3 to 7 provide general information on the production of pulp, paper and board and on the industrial processes used within this sector. The second sections of Chapters 3 to 7 and Section 2.6.2 provide data and information concerning the environmental performance of installations within the sector, and in operation at the time of writing, in terms of current emissions, consumption and nature of raw materials, water consumption, use of energy and the generation of waste. Section 2.9 and the third sections of Chapters 3 to 7 describe in more detail the techniques to prevent or, where this is not practicable, to reduce the environmental impact of installations in this sector that were considered in determining the BAT. This information includes, where relevant, the environmental performance levels (e.g. emission and consumption levels) that can be achieved by using the techniques, the associated monitoring and the costs and the cross- media issues associated with the techniques.1 OJ L 284, 30.9.2014, p. 76.
Preface
ii Production of Pulp, Paper and Board Chapter 8 presents the BAT conclusions as defined in Article 3(12) of the Directive. The fourth sections of Chapters 3 to 7 present information on 'emerging techniques' as defined in Article 3(14) of the Directive. Concluding remarks and recommendations for future work are presented in Chapter 9.4. Information sources and the derivation of BAT
This document is based on information collected from a number of sources, in particular through the TWG that was established specifically for the exchange of information under Article 13 of the Directive. The information has been collated and assessed by the European IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre) who led the work on determining BAT, guided by the principles of technical expertise, transparency and neutrality. The work of the TWG and all other contributors is gratefully acknowledged. The BAT conclusions have been established through an iterative process involving the following steps: identification of the key environmental issues for the sector (e.g. emissions to water, especially organic load, total suspended solids, etc.; emissions to air from recovery boilers, lime kilns or combustion plants for the production of steam and power; odour and noise nuisance); examination of the techniques most relevant to address these key issues; identification of the best environmental performance levels, on the basis of the available data in the European Union and worldwide; examination of the conditions under which these environmental performance levels were achieved, such as costs, cross-media effects, and the main driving forces involved in the implementation of the techniques; selection of the best available techniques (BAT), their associated emission levels (and other environmental performance levels) and the associated monitoring for this sector according to Article 3(10) of, and Annex III to, the Directive. Expert judgement by the European IPPC Bureau and the TWG has played a key role in each of these steps and the way in which the information is presented here. Where available, economic data have been given together with the descriptions of the techniques presented in Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. These data give a rough indication of themagnitude of the costs and benefits. However, the actual costs and benefits of applying a
technique may depend strongly on the specific situation of the installation concerned, which cannot be evaluated fully in this document. In the absence of data concerning costs, conclusions on the economic viability of techniques are drawn from observations on existing installations.5. Review of BAT reference documents (BREFs)
BAT is a dynamic concept and so the review of BREFs is a continuing process. For example, new measures and techniques may emerge, science and technologies are continuously developing and new or emerging processes are being successfully introduced into the industries. In order to reflect such changes and their consequences for BAT, this document will be periodically reviewed and, if necessary, updated accordingly.Preface
Production of Pulp, Paper and Board iii
6. Contact information
All comments and suggestions should be made to the European IPPC Bureau at the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies at the following address:European Commission
Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
European IPPC Bureau
Edificio Expo
c/ Inca Garcilaso, 3E-41092 Seville, Spain
Telephone: +34 95 4488 284
Fax: +34 95 4488 426
E-mail: JRC-IPTS-EIPPCB@ec.europa.eu
Internet: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu
iv Production of Pulp, Paper and BoardProduction of Pulp, Paper and Board v
Best Available Techniques Reference Document for theProduction of Pulp, Paper and Board
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................ I
SCOPE ..................................................................................................................... XXXI
1 GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1
1.1 PAPER CONSUMPTION IN EUROPE ................................................................................. 1
1.2 OVERVIEW OF PULP, PAPER AND BOARD MANUFACTURING ......................................... 4
1.3 THE EUROPEAN PULP INDUSTRY .................................................................................. 7
1.4 THE EUROPEAN PAPER INDUSTRY .............................................................................. 13
1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF PULP AND PAPER MILLS FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT 18
1.6 ECONOMICS AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE EU PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY ................... 20
1.7 MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF THE PRODUCTION OF PULP AND PAPER ............... 24
2 COMMON PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES FOR THE WHOLE PULP
AND PAPER SECTOR ......................................................................................... 33
2.1 INTEGRATED AND/OR MULTIPRODUCT PULP AND PAPER MILLS ................................. 34
2.1.1 Definition of non-integrated, integrated and multiproduct mills ....................... 34
2.1.2 Proposed approach to estimate emissions for integrated chemical pulp mills
and/or multiproduct mills .................................................................................. 36
2.1.3 Proposed method for assessing emissions for specific waste water discharges 37
2.2 MONITORING .............................................................................................................. 39
2.2.1 General aspects of emission monitoring in pulp and paper mills ...................... 39
2.2.1.1 Emission sources covered ...................................................................................... 40
2.2.1.2 Operating conditions covered ................................................................................. 40
2.2.1.3 Data processing ...................................................................................................... 41
2.2.1.4 Presentation of emission data ................................................................................. 42
2.2.2 Emission data production in pulp and paper mills ............................................ 42
2.2.2.1 Monitoring of waste water discharges .................................................................... 42
2.2.2.1.1 The sampling points ....................................................................................... 43
2.2.2.1.2 Sampling methods and periods and frequency of analysis ............................. 43
2.2.2.1.3 Major parameters and analytical methods ...................................................... 46
2.2.2.1.4 Interrelationship between measured concentrations and calculated
emission loads ................................................................................................ 47
2.2.2.1.5 Special issue that influences the comparability of emission data ................... 50
2.2.2.2 Monitoring of emissions to air ............................................................................... 50
2.2.2.2.1 The sampling points ....................................................................................... 50
2.2.2.2.2 Sampling and continuous/discontinuous measurement methods .................... 51
2.2.2.2.3 Major parameters and analytical methods ...................................................... 56
2.2.2.2.4 Reference conditions ...................................................................................... 58
2.2.2.2.5 Interrelationship between concentration and specific emission loads ............ 59
2.2.2.2.6 Measurement of diffuse emissions in kraft pulp mills .................................... 60
2.2.2.3 Monitoring of solid waste ...................................................................................... 62
2.3 RECEIPT, STORAGE AND HANDLING OF FIBROUS MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS ......... 63
2.3.1 Wood handling .................................................................................................. 63
2.3.1.1 Wood yard operations ............................................................................................ 63
2.3.1.2 Debarking ............................................................................................................... 65
vi Production of Pulp, Paper and Board2.3.2 Storage and handling of chemicals and chemical additives ............................... 65
2.3.2.1 Use of basic chemicals and chemical additives ...................................................... 65
2.3.2.2 EU regulations on the storage, handling and use of chemicals ............................... 69
2.3.2.3 Storage, handling and transportation of chemicals ................................................. 71
2.4 WATER SUPPLY FOR PROCESSES AND COOLING .......................................................... 72
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