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Standard Operation Procedure

Weather Forecasting and Warning

2021

India Meteorological Department

Ministry of Earth Sciences

Government of India

Standard Operation Procedure-Weather Forecasting and Warning

A publication of :

India Meteorological Department

Ministry of Earth sciences

Government of India

Mausam Bhawan

Lodi Road

New Delhi - 110 003

March, 20

21

When citing these

guidelines the following citation should be used : Standard Operation Procedure-Weather Forecasting and Warning

Published by India Meteorological Department,

Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India,

Mausam Bhawan, Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110 003

MISSION

To effectively forecast High Impact Weather events to strengthen Disaster Preparedness Mechanism (i)

Contents

Page No.

Contents................................................................................................................................................. i-viii

Foreward................................................................................................................................................ ix

Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................ x

Chapter 1 : General Forecasting Organisation of India Meteorological Department 1-28

1.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................ 1

1.2. Current Forecasting Organization................................................................................................................... 1

1.2.1. General Forecast...................................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.2. Marine Forecast....................................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.3. Cyclone Warning...................................................................................................................................... 3

1.2.4. Agrometeorological Services.................................................................................................................. 4

1.2.5. Flood Meteorological Offices....................................................................................................... 4

1.2.6. Nowcast Services..................................................................................................................................... 4

1.2.7. Mountain Meteorological Services....................................................................................................... 4

1.2.8. Forecast Services for Sectorial Applications........................................................................................ 4

1.3. Revision of SOP.................................................................................................................................................. 4

1.4. Responsibility of Forecasting Centres............................................................................................................ 5

1.4.1. National Weather Forecasting Centre (NWFC)................................................................................... 5

1.4.2. Regional Weather Forecasting Centre (RWFC).................................................................................... 6

1.4.3. State Weather Forecasting Centre (SWFC).......................................................................................... 6

1.4.4. Weather Central (WC), Pune.................................................................................................................. 6

1.5. Forecast scheme................................................................................................................................................. 7

1.6. Forecast Generation.......................................................................................................................................... 8

1.7. Terminology used in Forecasts........................................................................................................................ 9

1.7.1. Spatial distribution of Rainfall................................................................................................................ 9

1.7.2. Intensity of 24 hour accumulated rainfall............................................................................................ 9

1.7.3. Intensity of 24 hours accumulated snowfall........................................................................................ 10

1.7.4. Probability of occurrence of weather event........................................................................................ 10

1.7.5. Description of temperature departure from normal......................................................................... 11

1.7.6. Description of temperature tendency.................................................................................................. 11

1.7.7. Symbols for Severe Weather representation...................................................................................... 11

1.7.8. Color Code for Weather Warning.......................................................................................................... 12

1.8. District Level Forecasts..................................................................................................................................... 13

1.9. City/Local Forecast............................................................................................................................................ 14

1.10. Forecasting Organizational Structure............................................................................................................. 15

1.10.1. National Level........................................................................................................................................ 16

1.10.2. Weather Central, IMD, Pune................................................................................................................ 16

1.10.3. State Level /Regional Level.................................................................................................................. 17

1.10.4. Meteorological Offices.......................................................................................................................... 18

1.11. Mandate of Different Forecasting Centres.................................................................................................... 18

1.11.1. NWFC...................................................................................................................................................... 18

1.11.2. Weather Central, Pune......................................................................................................................... 20

1.11.3. RWFC/SWFC........................................................................................................................................... 20

1.11.4. Meteorological Offices (Observatories) ............................................................................................ 22

Appendix.............................................................................................................................................................. 23

Chapter 2 : Satellite application in Weather Forecasting 29-54

2.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................ 29

2.1.1. INSAT-3D & 3DR Satellite........................................................................................................................ 29

2.1.2. Scatsat-1 Satellite.................................................................................................................................... 33

2.1.3. EUMETCast............................................................................................................................................... 34

2.1.3.1. METEOSAT-8 Satellite................................................................................................................. 34

2.1.3.2. Himawari Satellite....................................................................................................................... 34

2.1.4. GNSS.......................................................................................................................................................... 35

2.1.5. Visualization of surface Lighting network Data over satellite images.......................................... 35

(ii)

2.2. Cloud Imageries.................................................................................................................................................. 36

2.2.1. Cloud Imagery of INSAT-3D & INSAT-3DR IMAGER............................................................................ 36

2.2.2. Imager Products from INSAT-3D & 3DR Satellite......................................................................... 45

2.2.3. Sounder Products.................................................................................................................................... 47

2.2.4. Dissemination........................................................................................................................................... 49

2.2.5. Real-time Analysis of Product and Information Dissemination (RAPID)...................................... 51

2.2.6. METEOSAT SEVIRI (spinning enhanced visible and infrared imager) located at 41.5°E

Meteosat 8- Channel Imageries..................................................................................................

52

2.2.7. GNSS.......................................................................................................................................................... 53

Chapter 3 : DOPPLER WEATHER RADARS & ITS APPLICATION 55-78

3.1. Radar network in India Meteorological Department........................................................................... 55

3.2. Operational scan strategies and radar data flow......................................................................................... 56

3.2.1. Operational scan strategy....................................................................................................................... 56

3.2.2. Doppler Weather Data............................................................................................................................ 56

3.2.3. Sharing of Doppler Weather Radar Data.............................................................................................. 56

3.2.4. Data Flow.................................................................................................................................................. 56

3.2.5. Networking, Power and other associated equipment................................................................. 57

3.3. Radar Operational details................................................................................................................................ 57

3.4. Basics of weather radar products & its interpretation............................................................................... 58

3.4.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 58

3.4.2. Interpretation of Basic Radar Images................................................................................................... 58

3.4.3. Types of base data................................................................................................................................... 59

3.5. IMD Doppler Weather Radar Products Colour Scales.......................................................................... 64

3.6. Meteorological Products Displayed on IMD Website.......................................................................... 65

3.6.1. PPI-Z product............................................................................................................................................ 65

3.6.2. Planned Position Indicator (PPI-V) ....................................................................................................... 66

3.6.3. MAX-Z (Maximum Reflectivity) Product....................................................................................... 67

3.6.4. Volume Velocity Processing (VVP-2) wind profile........................................................................ 68

3.6.5. Surface Rainfall Intensity (SRI) .............................................................................................................. 69

3.6.6. Precipitation Accumulation (PAC) ........................................................................................................ 70

3.7. GIS Products........................................................................................................................................................ 70

3.7.1. Integrated Display of Weather and Thunderstorm Warnings...................................................... 70

3.7.2. All India Mosaic Product......................................................................................................................... 72

3.8. Guidance for Bulletins from DWR Stations................................................................................................... 72

Annexures............................................................................................................................................................ 74

Chapter 4 : Public Weather Services 79-91

4.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................ 79

4.2. Requirement for Revision of SOP.................................................................................................................... 79

4.3. Major Objectives of PWS.................................................................................................................................. 80

4.4. Major Stake holders.......................................................................................................................................... 80

4.5. Main Products/Activities under PWS System............................................................................................... 80

4.6. Functioning of PWS........................................................................................................................................... 82

4.6.1. Homogeneity in the contents of the Forecast and Warnings...................................................... 83

4.6.2. Mode of Dissemination of Forecast & Warnings under PWS....................................................... 83

4.7. Requirements for Efficient PWS...................................................................................................................... 84

4.8. New Initiatives in PWS...................................................................................................................................... 85

4.8.1. Implementation of Impact based forecast........................................................................................... 86

4.8.2. Introduction of Common Alert Protocol in Dissemination of Forecast & Warnings.................... 86

4.8.3. Measures to improve the Outreach...................................................................................................... 87

4.8.4. Provision of Sector Specific Services............................................................................................ 88

Appendix.............................................................................................................................................................. 89

Chapter 5 : Heavy Rainfall Warning Services 92-135

5.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................ 92

5.2. Organisation and Area of responsibility........................................................................................................ 94

5.2.1. Classification of Heavy Rainfall.............................................................................................................. 94

(iii)

5.3. Climatology of Heavy Rainfall and Cloud Burst (CB) ................................................................................... 96

5.3.1. Climatology of Heavy Rainfall................................................................................................................ 96

5.3.2. Climatology of Cloud Burst (CB) ........................................................................................................... 96

5.4. Implementation of IBF and Risk based warning for Heavy rainfall event........................................... 98

5.5. Observation, Monitoring and Product generation of Heavy rainfall events....................................... 99

5.5.1. Rainfall products...................................................................................................................................... 99

5.6. Forecasting Techniques of Heavy rainfall...................................................................................................... 102

5.6.1. Diagnostic Method.................................................................................................................................. 102

5.6.2. Based on NWP Models............................................................................................................................ 102

5.7. SOP of Heavy rainfall Monitoring, Forecasting and Warning system.................................................. 107

5.7.1. Steps for monitoring of Heavy rainfall................................................................................................. 108

5.7.2. Heavy Rainfall Forecast Techniques...................................................................................................... 108

5.7.3. Analysis and Forecasting......................................................................................................................... 109

5.7.4. Decision making process......................................................................................................................... 109

5.7.5. Time line for analysis, forecast and dissemination...................................................................... 110

5.7.6. Forecast/warning services...................................................................................................................... 110

5.7.6.1. Directory/List of Warnees.......................................................................................................... 110

5.7.7. HRW Products.......................................................................................................................................... 110

5.7.7.1. Text of heavy rainfall warning in color code tabular form................................................ 110

5.7.7.2. In graphical form of Multi-hazard colour code maps...................................................... 111

5.7.8. SOP of Local Heavy rainfall forecast and Urban heavy Rainfall Monitoring and warning

111

5.7.8.1. SOP on Location specific heavy rainfall forecast- A a consensus approach of all

NWP model products and other checklist.................................................................

111

5.7.8.2. Objective of present SOP for issuing city/local forecast of heavy rainfall................. 111

5.7.8.3. Decision Making Process for Local heavy rainfall Forecast......................................... 114

5.7.8.4. Decision making & preparation of final forecast........................................................ 115

5.7.8.5 Meteograms of Location............................................................................................ 115

5.7.9. SOP of Heavy rainfall- Impact Based Forecast(IBF) and risk based warning................................ 116

5.7.9.1. What is IBF-Heavy rainfall................................................................................................... 116

5.7.9.2. Stages of IBF-Heavy rainfalldevelopment and implementation in IMD..................... 117

5.7.9.3. Stages of implementation of IBF................................................................................ 118

5.7.9.4. SOP on IBFand Risk based warning of Heavy Rainfall Warning.................................. 120

5.7.9.5. SOP IBF and Risk based warnings for city, District and Met Sub-Division.................. 120

5.7.9.6. Decision making on IBF and warning......................................................................... 121

5.7.9.7. Real time Customized Heavy rainfall monitoring and IBF system operational over

Mumbai and Chennai.........................................................................................................

121

5.7.9.8. Heavy rainfall impact-Flood inundation forecast from FFGS..................................... 123

5.8. Forecast and Warning dissemination of Heavy rainfall....................................................................... 125

Annexures........................................................................................................................................................... 126

Chapter 6 : Thunderstorm Warning Services 136-155

6.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 136

6.2. Objective.......................................................................................................................................................... 139

6.3. Criteria of thunderstorm and associated warning..................................................................................... 140

6.3.1. Thunderstorm warnings and colour codes for warnings............................................................. 140

6.3.2. Duststorms warning.............................................................................................................................. 140

6.3.3. Lightning warning................................................................................................................................... 140

6.4.

Favourable conditions for thunderstorm occurrence.......................................................................... 140

6.4.1. Synoptic conditions................................................................................................................................ 141

6.4.2. Thermodynamic conditions.......................................................................................................... 141

6.4.3. Dynamic conditions...................................................................................................................... 141

6.4.4. Thermo-dynamical indices........................................................................................................... 141

6.4.5.1. Sample check list for thunderstorm forecasting Products................................................ 142

6.4.5.2. Dust-storm........................................................................................................................ 142

6.5. Needed Inputs (data products and their availability)................................................................................. 143

(iv)

6.6. Organizations and their responsibilities............................................................................................... 144

6.6.1. NWP Division................................................................................................................................ 145

6.6.2. NWFC........................................................................................................................................ 145

6.6.3. Sat Met Application Cell............................................................................................................ 145

6.6.4. Radar Application......................................................................................................................... 145

6.6.5. RWFCs/ SWFCs............................................................................................................................. 145

6.6.6. Field offices (Observatories and Met offices) ............................................................................. 145

6.7. Monitoring and forecasting.................................................................................................................. 145

6.7.1. Monitoring................................................................................................................................... 145

6.7.2. Analysis and Forecasting.............................................................................................................. 146

6.7.3. Decision making process (Decision tree for forecasting of Thunderstorm).............................. 147

6.7.4. Timeline for analysis, forecast and dissemination....................................................................... 147

6.7.5. Forecast/ warning products......................................................................................................... 148

6.8. Forecast/Warning Dissemination......................................................................................................... 148

6.9. Post Event Review, feedback and documentation............................................................................... 149

6.10. Pre-season exercise............................................................................................................................... 149

6.11. Conclusions............................................................................................................................................ 149

Appendix................................................................................................................................................ 150

Chapter 7 : Heat and Cold Wave Monitoring & Warning 156-167

7.1. Objective................................................................................................................................................ 156

7.2. Observational aspects........................................................................................................................... 156

7.3. Analysis of the observations and declaration of Heat and cold wave................................................. 160

7.3.1. Criterion for declaring heat wave................................................................................................ 160

7.3.2. Criterion for declaring Cold Wave................................................................................................ 160

7.3.3. Meteorological favourable conditions for Heat wave.................................................................. 161

7.3.4. Meteorological favourable conditions for Cold wave.................................................................. 161

7.4. Role and responsibility of different offices of IMD.............................................................................. 161

7.5. Warning Product generation, presentation and dissemination.......................................................... 164

7.6. Recent developments............................................................................................................................ 165

7.6.1. Heat/cold wave Forecasting Demonstration Projects (FDPs)...................................................... 165

7.6.2. Heat wave action plan.................................................................................................................. 166

7.7. Preventive measures for Heat Wave.................................................................................................... 166

7.7.1. The measures one should do to minimize the impact during heat wave.................................... 166

7.7.2. The measures one should do to minimize the impact during cold wave..................................... 167

7.8. Documentation and Verification........................................................................................................... 167

Chapter 8 : Fog

Warning Services 168-205

8.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 168

8.2. Basics of Fog events and Types in terms of physical process and local topography leading to

their formation......................................................................................................................................

168

8.2.1. Fog formation and associated process......................................................................................... 168

8.2.2. Mechanism of fog formation, intensification of layer, the maintenance phase and dissipation

169

8.2.3. Fog and Role of pollution............................................................................................................. 170

8.2.4. Classification of Fog events.......................................................................................................... 170

8.3. Fog occurrences over India................................................................................................................... 171

8.3.1. Classification of Fog into different types for India region and their Climatological

171

8.3.2. Longer duration dense fog spells over IGP and their Unique characteristic................................ 176

8.3.3. Variability and Extremes of fog occurrences across IGP and Impacts.......................................... 178

8.3.3.1. Variability and Extremes of fog occurrences across IGP................................................... 178

8.3.3.2. Analysis of fog Impact....................................................................................................... 179

8.4. Fog detection and Monitoring System operational in IMD.................................................................. 180

8.5. SOP on fog reporting in current weather and synoptic observations and issuing fog nowcasting

(trend), forecasts and Warnings...........................................................................................................

183

8.5.1. SOP on issuing Fog forecast and warning (discussion and finalization through VC

consultation daily) ......................................................................................................................

184
(v)

8.5.2. SOP on Satellite based guidance tools for Fog monitoring and forecasting................................ 194

8.5.3. Standard operating procedures for interpretation of RGB products for fog monitoring and

194

8.5.3.1. Interpretation of Fog........................................................................................................ 194

8.5.4. How to refer multi-sources Fog products for reporting timely fog development and issuing

early warnings.............................................................................................................................

197

8.6. Fog Products available in Web page and link URL................................................................................ 200

8.7. SOP to include Impact based fog forecast tables and suggested action for various fog intensity

and occurrences at district/met sub-division depending upon exposure data......................................

202

References............................................................................................................................................. 204

Chapter 9 : Nowcasting Services 206-240

9.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 206

9.2. Objective................................................................................................................................................ 206

9.3. Standard Operating Procedure of Nowcast Services in IMD................................................................ 206

9.3.1. Categories for Nowcasting........................................................................................................... 207

9.3.2. Impact colours of Nowcasting...................................................................................................... 207

9.3.3. Organization of nowcast services in IMD..................................................................................... 208

9.3.4. Data Inputs (data products and their availability) ....................................................................... 208

9.3.5. Time line for analysis, forecast and dissemination of Nowcasts by a Nowcast Centre................ 209

9.3.6. Decision Tree of Nowcasting of Thunderstorm over a Station or District.................................... 210

9.3.7. Nowcasts to be issued by Nowcast Centre at State Meteorological Office................................. 210

9.3.8. Stakeholders (National/regional and state level) ........................................................................ 211

9.3.9. Post event review, feedback, documentation............................................................................. 211

9.3.10. Pre-season exercise.................................................................................................................... 212

9.4. Points for consideration........................................................................................................................ 212

Appendix................................................................................................................................................ 213

Chapter 10 : Multi-Hazard Early Warning System 241-253

10.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 241

10.1.1. Disaster...................................................................................................................................... 241

10.1.2. Hazard........................................................................................................................................ 241

10.1.3. Vulnerability............................................................................................................................... 242

10.1.4. Risk............................................................................................................................................. 242

10.1.5. Multi-Hazard Forewarning and Impact Assessment.................................................................. 243

10.1.6. Multi-hazard Warning System to Strengthen disaster preparedness........................................ 243

10.2. Warning Thresholds.............................................................................................................................. 244

10.2.1. Heavy Rainfall............................................................................................................................. 244

10.2.2. Thunder storm/ squall................................................................................................................ 244

10.2.3. Heat Wave.................................................................................................................................. 244

10.2.4. Cold Wave.................................................................................................................................. 245

10.2.5. Cyclone....................................................................................................................................... 246

10.2.6. Port Warnings............................................................................................................................ 246

10.2.7. Fishermen warning..................................................................................................................... 247

10.3. Multi hazard Warning System............................................................................................................... 247

10.3.1. Activity chart of Multi-hazard Warning Centre.......................................................................... 248

10.3.2. Text Message of Multi- Hazard Warnings.................................................................................. 250

10.3.3. Timeliness of Map generation and transmission....................................................................... 251

10.3.4. Dissemination System................................................................................................................ 251

10.3.4.1. Dissemination and Information Flow of CAP Message using NDMA tool...................... 251

10.4. Cyclone warning Dissemination................................................................................................... 252

Annexure................................................................................................................................................ 253

Chapter 11 : Urban Meteorological Services 254-266

11.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 254

11.2. Current status of observational network............................................................................................. 255

11.3. Weather information deliverables for urban cities.............................................................................. 256

11.3.1. Current weather information..................................................................................................... 257

(vi)

11.3.2. Weather forecasts...................................................................................................................... 257

11.3.2.1. Now cast (for next 6 hours and updated every 15 minutes as and when triggered by

observing system) ........................................................................................................

257

11.3.2.2. Very short range (for next 12 hours and updated every 3 hours).................................. 257

11.3.2.3. Short range (for next 72 hours starting from 12 hours and updated twice a day)......... 257

11.3.2.4. Medium range (4

th day - 7 th day updated twice a day).................................................. 257

11.3.2.5. Extended Range forecast for monthly outlook updated weekly.................................... 257

11.3.2.6. Long Range weather forecastfor a season...................................................................... 257

11.4. Inputs needed for urban weather forecast.......................................................................................... 257

11.4.1. Observing system....................................................................................................................... 258

11.4.2. NWP Products............................................................................................................................ 258

11.4.2.1. Global Model analysis and forecasts - updated 4 times daily for next 7 days at 1

hour for day 1 and 3 hour interval thereafter (from HQs)............................................ 258

11.4.2.2. Meso-scale Model analysis and forecasts - updated four times daily for next 3 days

at 1 hour interval (from HQs) .......................................................................................

259

11.4.2.3. High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) products - updated hourly basis for next 24

hours at 1 hour interval (from HQs) .............................................................................

259

11.4.2.4. Now cast Products.......................................................................................................... 259

11.4.3. Climate Database..................................................................................................................... 259

11.5. SOP of Urban weather forecast............................................................................................................ 260

11.5.1. Impact Based Forecast............................................................................................................... 260

11.6. Event wise urban meteorology services............................................................................................... 260

11.6.1. Heavy rainfall............................................................................................................................. 260

11.6.2. Heat wave and cold wave.......................................................................................................... 260

11.6.3. Thunderstorm and lightening.................................................................................................... 261

11.6.4. Fog.............................................................................................................................................. 261

11.6.5. Cyclone....................................................................................................................................... 261

11.6.6. Integrated Flood Warning System (I-FLOWS) ............................................................................ 261

11.7. Stakeholders.......................................................................................................................................... 263

11.8. Post-event Review................................................................................................................................. 263

11.9. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................. 263

Annexure................................................................................................................................................ 264

Chapter 12 : Marine Weather Forecasting Services 267-292

12.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 267

12.2. Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) .............................................................................. 267

12.2.1. Global Maritime Distress Safety System.................................................................................... 267

12.2.2. Transmission of GMDSS bulletin................................................................................................ 269

12.2.3. Contents of GMDSS Bulletin....................................................................................................... 269

12.2.4. Frequency of Broadcasts............................................................................................................ 269

12.2.5. Sample of GMDSS bulletin......................................................................................................... 269

12.3. Sea Area Bulletin................................................................................................................................... 273

12.3.1. Sea area bulletins for Bay of Bengal........................................................................................... 273

12.3.2. Format of 'daily' bulletin............................................................................................................ 274

12.3.3. Sample Sea Area Bulletin for Bay of Bengal............................................................................... 275

12.4. Coastal Weather Bulletins..................................................................................................................... 276

12.4.1. Format of Coastal Weather Bulletin........................................................................................... 276

12.5. Fleet forecast for Indian Navy............................................................................................................... 278

12.5.1. Contents of Fleet Forecast......................................................................................................... 279

12.5.2. Mode of Transmission of Fleet Forecast to Naval W/T Mumbai............................................... 279

12.6. Warnings to Ports.................................................................................................................................. 280

12.6.1. Port warnings............................................................................................................................. 280

12.6.2. The office of responsibility......................................................................................................... 280

12.6.3. Hoisting of signals...................................................................................................................... 280

12.6.4. Frequency of Issue and contents of Port Warning Bulletin........................................................ 282

12.6.5. Format for Port Warning............................................................................................................ 282

12.6.6. Explanation of the port warnings............................................................................................... 282

(vii)

12.6.7. Meanings of Signals.................................................................................................................... 282

12.6.8. Some General Rules regarding Signals....................................................................................... 284

12.6.8.1. Signals Confirm to Intensity of Systems.......................................................................... 284

12.6.8.2. Typical Progression of Signals......................................................................................... 284

12.6.8.3. Signals not to be Kept Hoisted Longer than Necessary.................................................. 284

12.6.8.4. Informatory messages due to Steep Pressure Gradient................................................. 284

12.6.8.5. Informatory Messages for Brief Ports............................................................................. 284

12.6.9. Text of Warnings to Ports........................................................................................................... 285

12.6.10. Transmission of messages to ports.......................................................................................... 285

12.7. Frequency of messages to ports for hoisting the signals..................................................................... 285

12.7.1. For Distant Signals...................................................................................................................... 285

12.7.2. For LC III Or Higher Signals......................................................................................................... 285

12.7.3. For Ports without signals............................................................................................................ 285

12.8. Warnings for Fisheries........................................................................................................................... 285

12.8.1. Issuing office and area of responsibility.................................................................................... 285

12.8.2. Criteria for issuing fisherman warning....................................................................................... 286

12.8.3. Time and Frequency of issue...................................................................................................... 286

12.8.4. Mode of transmission of Fishermen warnings........................................................................... 287

12.8.5. Format for fisheries Warning..................................................................................................... 288

12.9. The source of information and products.............................................................................................. 288

12.10. Other products generated by Cyclone Warning Division/ RSMC New Delhi.......................................... 288

12.10.1. Ship avoidance guidance.......................................................................................................... 288

12.11. Damage potential and action suggested in the bulletin...................................................................... 289

12.12. Terminologies in the bulletins.............................................................................................................. 290

12.13. Marine impact of cyclonic storms......................................................................................................... 292

12.14. Nomograms........................................................................................................................................... 292

12.14.1. For wave height estimation..................................................................................................... 292

12.14.2. Nomogram for visibility estimation in rain.............................................................................. 292

12.15. Product generation................................................................................................................................ 292

Chapter 13 : Meteorological Communication & Early Dissemination 293-308

13.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 293

13.2. Automatic Messaging Switching System (AMSS) ................................................................................ 294

13.3. Availability of data................................................................................................................................ 298

13.3.1. VPN Circuits................................................................................................................................ 298

13.3.2. IVRS............................................................................................................................................ 298

13.3.3. Internet Services........................................................................................................................ 298

13.4. Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS)............................................................ 299

13.5. World Information System (WIS) ......................................................................................................... 300

13.6. On line Briefing System (OLBS) at Chennai & Delhi (Palam)................................................................ 301

13.7. Warning System In India Meteorological Department........................................................................ 301

13.8. Telecommunication Infrastructure....................................................................................................... 304

13.9. Video-Conferencing Network................................................................................................................ 304

13.10. Website of IMD...................................................................................................................................... 306

13.11. EPBAX..................................................................................................................................................... 307

13.12. FTP Server.............................................................................................................................................. 307

13.13. ICITC....................................................................................................................................................... 307

13.14. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................. 308

Chapter 14

: Post-Event Survey 309-316

14.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 309

14.2. Identification of high impact weather event (HIWE) needing post-event survey............................... 309

14.3. Purpose of survey.................................................................................................................................. 309

14.4. Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) for Post-Event survey............................................................... 309

14.4.1. Assessment of damage.............................................................................................................. 309

14.4.1.1. Use of departmental transport/hiring of transport for damage survey......................... 309

14.4.2. Contents of survey report.......................................................................................................... 309

14.4.2.1 .For Cyclone..................................................................................................................... 310

(viii)

14.4.2.2. For severe thunderstorm / lightning.............................................................................. 310

14.4.2.3. For tornado..................................................................................................................... 310

14.4.2.4. For cloud burst................................................................................................................ 310

14.5. Guidelines and instructions for Officers going on surveys of damage caused by HIWE..................... 310

14.5.1. Knowledge of SOP...................................................................................................................... 310

14.5.2. Equipment.................................................................................................................................. 311

14.5.3. Guidelines for survey................................................................................................................. 311

14.5.3.1. Itinerary of tour............................................................................................................. 311

14.5.3.2. Damage to be assessed in great detail......................................................................... 311

14.5.3.3. Height and extension of storm surge (in case of cyclone only).................................... 312

14.5.3.4. Photographs/video to aid such survey.......................................................................... 312

14.5.3.5. Spare Camera/Smart Phone......................................................................................... 312

14.5.3.6. Interviewing local people who had experienced the severe weather phenomenon... 312

14.5.3.7. Sample Questions......................................................................................................... 313

14.5.3.8. Track of the Event......................................................................................................... 313

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