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3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

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3RD COVENANT UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL

CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP

(CU-ICE) 2019

March 20 22, 2019

Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

2 © 2019, Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical,

photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

It is a condition of publication in this journal that manuscripts have not been published or submitted for

publication and will not be submitted or published elsewhere.

ISSN: Print 2682-5333

Online 2682-5341

Published by Centre for Entrepreneurship Development Studies (CEDS), Covenant University, Canaanland, Km 10, Idiroko Road, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

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PREFACE

Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE) as an interdisciplinary conference aims at addressing key economic and development issues in Africa and beyond. The conference is focused on vectors conducive to economic growth and alleviation of poverty, famine and low growth rates. Since 2017 when the first edition of the conference was held, Covenant University, through this initiative has progressively made incremental contributions to the domestication of entrepreneurship theory and practice in Nigeria. As a visionary Higher Institution of Education, we are committed not only to creating knowledge for entrepreneurial advancements, but also to solving germane challenges and proffering solutions to the business economy of Nigeria, and indeed Africa. Eventually, our focused efforts invested into the annual CU-ICE will result in

creating strategic alliances between entrepreneurship stakeholders that will yield sustainable

organizations and create wealth for the African continent.

Indeed, sustainability has become a global issue of concern across all fields of human and

institutional endeavour. For this reason, researchers and experts in the field of entrepreneurship and management continually engage in a search for new strategies and best practices that can sustain the existence of viable businesses and initiate many more start-ups across the world. In Africa, the challenge of unsustainability of entrepreneurial firms has been very prominent, thus attracting much research output, especially from academia and research-based institutions across the continent. Many have attributed the situation to insufficient entrepreneurial skills, lack of government support (in terms of capacity building programmes, infrastructural deficiencies and financial aids). Be that as it may, the large volume of research output, so far, has generated only very minuet practical advancements to business sustainability and initiation of a large number of highly competitive start-ups. Consequently, there is the need to identify more action oriented strategies for driving the goal of having sustainable enterprises in Africa. Therefore, debating disruptive innovation and seeking to link it with sustainable entrepreneurship practices in Africa, at this time, is a strategic area of focus. The theory of disruptive innovation was popularized by Professor Clayton Christenson in 1995 to describe a strategic pattern for new entrants can take root and scale operations by focusing on the low-end market segments and strive to move up the market, until incumbents are displaced. Going by this description, it holds that consciously cultivating the theory of disruptive innovation by firms in Africa, could enhance the possibilities of having sustainable enterprises. This is because, the African market with its vast population, yet having few highly competitive firms, mostly multinational from foreign countries, can begin to initiate domestic firms which focus on the tailor made products and services that create value for the large informal segment of its market. Disruption will occur as

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

4 the market embraces the values provided by these firms and sustainability will be assured by continuous enhancement of such values. Certain credible example, of disruptive innovation, especially in Nigeria include Globacom Limited, Jumai, Konga and indeed, Covenant University. This conference makes this significant call to discourse disruptive innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship, at this time, because with the efforts so far seen, we believe that Africa is on the right path of cultivating business value. However, we would like to appreciate the fact that more can be done and at a faster pace to achieve the dream of repositioning Africa for global sustainable competitiveness. Over 100 papers and abstracts were submitted to CU-ICE 2019 out of which the Conference Programme

Committee finally selected 52 papers. The selected papers have high quality and cover a wide spectrum of

topics revolving disruptive innovations and entrepreneurship theories & practices in social sciences,

engineering, management sciences, physical and environmental sciences, and leadership and governance.

The CU-ICE 2019 submission was premised on the objective of ensuring quality papers through a peer review process. Therefore, the Conference Organising Committee would like to thank all reviewers for

their valuable support of the CU-ICE 2019 review process. We also appreciate all participants for their

valuable contributions. The proceedings of the International Conference on Entrepreneurship 2019 is therefore a collection of highly resourceful academic papers that would aid research and development endeavours.

Ibidunni, Ayodotun Stephen

Chair, CU-ICE 2019 Organising Committee,

Covenant University.

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

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CU-ICE 2019- Conference Organising Committee

1. Dr. Ibidunni, Ayodotun S. (Chair)

2. Dr. Olawande Tomike (Secretary)

3. Dr. Olokundun, Maxwell A.

4. Dr. Falola, Hezekiah O.

5. Dr. Borishade, Taiye T.

6. Dr. Adewumi, Adewole

7. Dr. Adediran, Oluwasogo

8. Dr. Akinyemi, Opeyemi

9. Dr. Odunlami, Olayemi

10. Mr. Achugamonu, Uzochukwu

11. Mr. Olusanmi, Olamide

12. Mr. Abasilim Ugochukwu David

13. Mrs. Owolabi Folashade

14. Dr. Salau, Odunayo P.

15. Mrs. Adeola Oyeyode

16. Miss. Tolulope Kayode

Conference Resource Persons

Engr. Nnamdi Ezeigbo CEO, Slot Systems Solution

Mr. Roosevelt Ogbonna DGMD, Access Bank

Mr. Peter Bamkole

Mrs. Adenike Adeyemi

Mr Muda Yusuf

Dr. Felicia Olokoyo

Pharm. Charles Akinsete

Mrs. Seun Runsewe

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

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Dr. Stephen Oluwatobi

Prof. David Omole

Acknowledgements

Dr. David Oyedepo, Chancellor Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria Professor AAA. Atayero, Vice-Chancellor, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Members of Management of Covenant University

Director, Centre for Entrepreneurial Development Studies Media and Corporate Affairs Directorate, Covenant University

Covenant University Strategic Business Unit

Association of Certified Chartered Accountants (ACCA) All members of the Conference Organising Committee

All participants at the Conference

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

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CONTENTS

Track 1: Disruptive Innovation in Social Sciences and Sustainable Entrepreneurship 9 Poverty, Disruptive Innovation and Sustainable Entrepreneurship: The Missing Link of

Community Radio

Community Radio as Social Entrepreneurship and enabler of Sustainable Development The New Media Quest and Disruptive Innovative Solutions to Current Sexual and Disruptive Innovation, Fourth Industrial Revolution and Sustainable Entrepreneurship

Policy: Are We Ready?

Innovation in Industrial Policy-From Cement Policy to Gold Policy Influence of Locus of Control on Entrepreneurial intention among Final Year

Undergraduates

Disruptive Innovative approaches of the Mass Media towards shaping the Knowledge Debate on Family Planning and Contraceptive use in Nigeria Track 2: Disruptive Innovation in Physical & Environmental Sciences and Sustainable

Entrepreneurship 92

The Health and Economic Impacts of Waste Recycling for Sustainability in Nigeria Crucial Tripod of Entrepreneurship: The Three Pillars that Catalyse Sustainable Disruptive Solutions, SDS for Developing Multidimensional Environment Prospects and Challenges of Green Transition for Entrepreneurs in Nigeria Disruptive Innovation and Opportunities in Green Entrepreneurship for Sustainable

Economic Growth in Nigeria

Track 3: Disruptive Innovation in Engineering and Sustainable Entrepreneurship 148 Creativity and Innovation in Governance: An appraisal of Public Perception and

Adoption of (TSA)

The Future of Education: A Disruptive Framework that Bridges Policies and Quality

Education

Bolstering Political Stability, Nation Building and Youths Empowerment through Sustainable Entrepreneurship Development in 21st Century, Nigeria Assessment of Government Policies on the Foundry Industry in Nigeria

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

8 Track 4: Disruptive Innovation in Leadership & Governance and Sustainable

Entrepreneurship 248

Industry 4.0 as a Disruptive Agent to Technology Education Body of Knowledge Effect of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Teaching of Self Reliance Skills for Sustainable Entrepreneurship Development among Undergraduate Social Studies

Students in Kaduna State

Disruptive Innovations and Challenges of Construction Industry in Nigeria Track 5: Disruptive Innovation in Management Sciences and Sustainable

Entrepreneurship 286

Sustainable Entrepreneureship Development of Rural Farmers involved in Telfaria Cultivation in Relation to Gender Related Constraints in Lagos, Nigeria An Evaluation of the Relationship between Student interest and their Performance in Vocational Education Subjects. (A Case Study of Michael Otedola College of Primary

Education)

Repositioning Industry R&D units into Tertiary Education Research Laboratories Determinant of Service Quality in Nigeria Banking Industry Rethinking Innovation and Creativity in a Changing Business Environment; An

Empirical Review

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TRACK ONE:

DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION IN

SOCIAL SCIENCES AND

SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

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POVERTY, DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABLE

ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE MISSING LINK OF COMMUNITY RADIO

Funke Omole1, Rotimi Olatunji2, OlusolaOyero3

Covenant University (NIGERIA)

Lagos State University (NIGERIA)

Abstract

The situation of poverty in Nigeria is discomforting. Before now, there have been several attempts by the Federal

Government of Nigeria to improve the economy by investing in entrepreneurs at different levels, with programmes

like Operation Feed the Nation, Family Economic Advancement Programme, National Poverty Eradication

Programme and so on. Despite the various poverty alleviation and eradication programmes of the Federal

Government to tackle poverty, the number of Nigerians living in extreme poverty, has crossed the 83 million mark in

2018. Though On their own, Nigerians generally strive to get out of poverty by engaging in various entrepreneurial

endeavours, either in form of small and medium enterprises or service provision. However, many business

enterprises are unable to get their proprietors out of the poverty line, as many entrepreneurs struggle to remain in

business. Disruptive innovation has proved to be one way entrepreneurs can break through some of the challenges

militating against their business expansion and growth, because it affords entrepreneurs in startups and SMEs the

opportunity to scale up, survive competition and possibly dominate the market. One effective yet unpopular way of

achieving this is through community radio. Using a quantitative research approach with questionnaire administered

to radio listeners, this study examines the unique ways in which community radio provides entrepreneurs the

platform to access information that help to grow their businesses; publicize the unique features and innovations in

their products and services; and increase their chances of getting visibility in new markets. Moreso, community

radio offers these services in form of radio jingles at very affordable cost. The paper therefore recommends among

others, that the Nigerian government creates more enabling environment for community radio broadcasting to

Key words: poverty, community radio, economic development, sustainable entrepreneurship

INTRODUCTION

Poverty, by all standards is a most undesirable situation and experience. Unfortunately however, it

constitutes a major problem that Nigeria and other developing countries of the world have always had to

grapple with. With no specific or universally agreed definition for it, there are several attempts to

describe poverty. Ajakaiye and Adeyeye (2000) try to explain poverty as a function of education, health,

child mortality and other demographic variables. That is, is the non availability of or inability of

individuals or group to provide for themselves the barest basic necessities of life because of economic,

social, political and information inadequacy. Hussaini (2014) refers to poverty as the inability of an

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

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individual to attain the minimum standard of living; Or a social condition characterized by inadequate

access to basic human needs (food and non food) to the sustenance of socially acceptable minimum

standard of living in a given society. Some of these basic determinants of well being, according to

Akintola and Yusuff (2001) include adequate food, shelter, portable water, healthcare, education and

employment opportunities.

Statistically, (Aliju, 2001) notes that between 1960 and 1980, the poverty level in Nigeria covered about

28 percent of the population; by 1996 it rose alarmingly to about 66 percent of the population. The United

Nation Development Program, Human Development Report (2008-2009), using parameters such as: level

of inequality, life expectancy at birth, standard of living, access to knowledge, and education, states that

between 2004 and 2009, poverty in Nigeria has worsened from 0.43 to 0.49. That put Nigeria among the

25 poorest countries of the world. By 2018, the World Poverty Clock reports that Nigeria has an estimate

of 87 million people living in extreme poverty, followed by India with 73 million. This makes Nigeria the

poorest country in the world.

Given the perturbing situation of poverty in Nigeria, every administration both at the federal and state

levels have designed various programmes and policies to eradicate or alleviate poverty, but with results

far below expectation. Some of these programmes are: National Accelerated Food Production Programme

and the Nigerian Agricultural and Co-operative Bank in 1972; Operation Feed the Nation in 1976;

Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI) in 1986; Family Support Programme in

1993; and the Family Economic Advancement Programme; National Poverty Eradication Programme

(NAPEP) in 2001. Others include Rural Electrification Scheme (RES) and Rural Banking Program (RBP) (Omotola, 2008 and Chukwuemeka, 2009); National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), a national framework of action, which was designed with equivalent at the state and local government levels as State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategies (SEEDS) and Local Economic Empowerment and Development Strategies (McDonald, Iloanya and Okoye-Nebo, 2014).

The characteristic failure of the various poverty alleviating programmes of the government necessitates a

re-evaluation of the past approaches to tackling poverty. As poverty is most palpable in the rural segments

-up approach is required in order to begin to

decisively deal with the issue of poverty in Nigeria. It is time government begins to engage

communication more efficiently in order to effectively tackle poverty in the country. This is because, as

Usaini, Kayode-Adedeji, Omole and Oyedepo (2017) state, the mass media play important roles in our

lives as they perform their functions of information sourcing, education and entertainment. Especially for

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

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the purpose of alleviating poverty, community radio broadcasting has a major role to play. With regards

to poverty alleviation, Onabajo (2000) puts media function in more direct perspective by stating that the

electronic media, by broadcasting economic programmes can help educate the masses and also contribute

directly to national development through accelerating and easing the long slow social transformation required for socio-economic development. Furthermore, Al-hassan, Andani and Abdul-Malik (2011)

identify three significant functions of community radio at the grass root level for rural development:

First, community radio promotes issues of agriculture, gender equality, education, trade and commerce,

disaster, weather, natural calamities, poverty and social problems. Second, it enhances the capacities of

local people to work together to tackle a range of social problems, including poverty and exclusion

through radio. Third, it contributes to nurturing of the creative talents of the community and providing a

forum for a diversity of opinions and information.

Al-hassan, Andani and Abdul-Malik (2011) further reiterate some important features of communiry radio

as: A type of radio service that offers a model of radio broadcasting whose content is largely popular and

relevant to a local or specific audience but which may often be overlooked by commercial or mass-media

broadcasters; A radio service which is operated, owned, and driven by the communities they serve.

Community radio is not-for profit and provides a means for individuals, groups, and communities to tell

their own diverse stories, to share experiences and become active creators and contributors to their own

development. It is also noteworthy that Nigeria is yet to begin to enjoy the benefits of this brand of

broadcasting due to the lethargic attitude of the federal government to embrace and enforce it. However,

state governments like Oyo and Osun have radio stations established in rural communities which function

very much like community radio. The major difference is ownership unlike a typical community radio

which is owned by the community, these radio stations are owned by the states government. It is against

this backdrop that this study examines a local radio station, Orisun FM in Ile-Ife, osun State,with a view

to ascertaining whether indeed community radio has the capacity to help facilitate sustainable

entrepreneurship and economic advancement.

Theoretical Perspective

This study is anchored on Progressive social theory. The theory views economic, political and social

distortions as well as discrimination, which limit opportunities and resources to create wealth and

overcome poverty as the source of poverty, rather than inividuals. The proponents sought to explore how

social and economic systems overrode and created individual poverty situations. The proponents reveal

how the economic system of capitalism created a reserve army of the unemployed as a deliberate strategy

to keep wages low (Bradshaw, 2005). One of their key arguments is that it is possible that people work

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

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hard and have acceptable attitudes but still be trapped in poverty because of dysfunctional social and

economic systems.

The progressive social theory blame poverty on economic, social and political structures that make the

poor fall behind regardless of how committed they may be. The theory also identifies another type of

systemic dysfunction associated with poverty. This, according to Bradshaw (2005) has to do with groups

of people being discriminated against based on personal attributes such as race, gender, disability and

religion, which limit their opportunities in spite of their personal abilities. Government policies and

actions tend to worsen poverty, as established earlier with the failure of most of the poverty eradication or

alleviation programmes. There is no doubt that the programmes were borne out of good intentions, but poor execution, as the case with Nigeria could further impoverish the citizens.

There clearly appears to be a strong correlation between the character of governance and the degree of

poverty in Nigeria, because the political economy of Nigeria has contributed immensely to the level of

poverty in the country (Omoyibo, 2013 and Danaan, 2018). Onyishi and Ezeibe (2014) explain further is narrow and undiversified with the economy which is largely dependent on oil revenue while other

critical sectors are neglected. This situation has hampered economic growth and capacity utilization

leading to macroeconomic instability and poverty (Danaan, 2018).

Method

Orisun FM station was established in 2007 by the Osun State Government. Located in Ile Ife community,

it broadcasts only in the unique Ife dialect of Yoruba language. Ile Ife can be described as a small semi-

rural community in Osun state. An ancient Yoruba town believed to be where the Yoruba race originated

from. Ile-Ife is home to the Obafemi Awolowo University, a Polytechnic institution, primary and

secondary schools. Apart from the University staff and students who live within and around the campus,

the larger part of the town is occupied by indigenes and non indigenes, who are mainly farmers, petty

traders and civil servants. The mortality rate in Ile Ife is low.

Taking cues from the basic determinants of well being which are also used as some of the parameters for

measuring poverty such as food, shelter, portable water, healthcare, education and employment

opportunities (Akintola and Adeyeye, 2001), the objectives of this study are set to measure the impacts of

Orisun FM on the community through its various programmes. First, to find out the impacts of

agricultural programmes on the people of Ile -Ife. Second, to ascertain the impacts of educational

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

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programmes on the community. Third, to investigate the impacts of health programmes on the

community. And fourth, to establish the impacts of economic programmes on the community. The survey research method was adopted for the study, using questionnaire as the instrument of data collection. The questionnaire was administered to purposively selected respondents who comprise male

and female adults aged 20 years and above. The rationale for the age bracket is based on the belief that

that persons age bracket are would be able to assess the impacts of Orisun FM on the entrepreneurs and

general entrepreneurial activities in the community.

Findings

Table 1: Impacts of agricultural programmes on the people

Orisun FM Valid Percent

Teach small scale farming 42.2

Encourage youth participation in agriculture 24.1

Encourage gardening 9.5

Teach preservation of farm produce 24.2

Total 100.0

The above table shows the impacts the agricultural programmes of the station have on the people. Being a

farming community, Orisun FM contributes to agricultural development in the community by teaching community members small scale farming. The station through its programmes also encourage young

people in the community to participate in agriculture; teach existing farmers better ways of preserving

their farm produce; and also encourage gardening. Table 2: Impacts educational programmes on the people

Orisun FM Valid Percent

Teach to read and write 13.1

Preserve Yoruba cultural heritage 52.3

Inform of current affairs 8.4

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

15 Table 2 above presents the impacts educational programmes have on the people. Community members

teach community members about their culture, thereby helping to preserve their culture. The people get

informed of current happenings in their immediate environment and the wider society. In addition, the

radio station encourages adult education among the non literate adults in the community. Table 3: Impacts of health programmes on the people

Oke Ogun FM Valid Percent

Awareness on government health policies

25.3

Sensitization on children immunization 21.1

Teaching good nutrition 10.5

Educate on hygiene 15.8

Educate on how to care for children and the aged 9.5

Educate on prevention of HIV/AIDS 17.9

Total 100.0

Table 3 reveals the impacts the health programmes of the station the people. The radio station positively

impacts the community in ensuring good health among community members: creating awareness on

health policies and programmes of the state government; sensitizing community members on children

immunization; teaching on good nutrition and the need to maintain personal and environmental hygiene;

educating community members on best ways to cater for children and the aged, especially under various

weather conditions; and teach the people on ways of protecting themselves against HIV/AIDS. Table 4: Impacts of economic programmes on the people

Oke Ogun FM Valid Percent

Encourage adult education 26.2

Total 100.0

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

16 Teach entrepreneurial skills 42.2 Inform about market days 28.9 Teach on investment 23.4 Inform of prices of goods in markets 2.2 Monitoring inflation 3.3

Total 100.0

The table above provides data on the impacts the economic programmes of the station on the community

members. Specifically, the radio station teaches majority of the population on entrepreneurial skills. The

station also inform the people about market days when they have opportunity to market their goods and

services. Community members also get educated on the need for investment and various ways in which

they can invest their financial resources. Through dedicated economic programmes, the station informs

community members of prices of various goods in the markets, and when the prices change. The radio

station furthermore helps to monitor inflation by informing community members of anticipated inflation,

provides information on the possible causes, guide the people on how to cope with it and suggest ways of

getting out of inflation.

CONCLUSION

Disruptive innovation as earlier situated has proved to be one way entrepreneurs can break through some

of the challenges militating against their business expansion and growth. This is because it affords

entrepreneurs in startups and SMEs the opportunity to scale up, survive competition and possibly

dominate the market. Community radio, as shown with this study, has also proved to be an effective means of sustaining disruptive innovation and achieving sustainable entrepreneurship.

All the aforementioned roles of the radio station are useful to general members of the community.

However, more particularly they are useful for the sustenance of entrepreneurial activities and

entrepreneurs in the community, many of whose business endeavours can be described as disruptive

innovation. Hence, community radio, if allowed to thrive can play a significant role in tackling issues of

poverty, agriculture, gender inequality, education, social problems among others. The community media

can make these issues the focus of their programming. The programmes can incorporate skills training

3rd Covenant University International Conference on Entrepreneurship (CU-ICE)

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and access to a number of capacity building activities, targeted towards the economic advancement and

sustenance skills for entrepreneurial activities in the communities.

REFERENCES

Ajakaiye, D., & Adeyeye, V. (2000). Concepts, measurement and causes of poverty. Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review, 39(4), 8-44.

Akintola, J. O., & Yusuff, J. M. (2001). Socio economic analysis of poverty levels among rural dwellers

in kwara state, nigeria. International Journal of Environment and Development, 5(2), 42-48

Al-hassan, S., Andani, A., and Abdul-Malik, A. (2011). The role of community radio in livelihood

improvement: The case of simli radio. Field Actions Science Reports, 5.

Aliju, A. (2001). National poverty eradication program (napep), conception, implementation, coordination

andmonitoring. Federal Ministry of Economic Planning: Abuja. Bradshaw, J., & Main, G. (2016). Child poverty and deprivation. The Wellbeing of Children in the UK, 31.

Chukwuemeka, E. (2009). Poverty and the millennium development goals in nigeria: The nexus,

Educational Research and Review, 4(9), 405- 410.

Danaan, V. (2018). Analysing poverty in nigeria through theoretical lenses. Journal of Sustainable

Development, 11(1)

Hussaini, M. (2014). Poverty alleviation programs in nigeria: Issues and challenges. International Journal

of Development Research,4(3), 717-720 McDonald, U., Iloanya, K., & Okoye-Nebo, C. (2014). National economic emancipation and development strategies (needs): A springboard for nigerian sustainable development. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 4(5), 23-32quotesdbs_dbs9.pdfusesText_15

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