Comparing GATT and GATS: Regime creation under and after
Trade policy; international regimes; hegemony; multilateral negotiations; services; GATT. According to hegemonic stability theory1 the creation and maintenance.
Agriculture GATT
https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/40898/32573_aer771l_002.pdf?v=0
An Economic Theory of GATT
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in there would be no reason for the creation of ... I BAGWELL AND STAIGER: AN ECONOMIC THEORY OF GATT 217.
On the Effects of GATT/WTO Membership on Trade: They are
GATT Uruguay. Round completed. Creation of WTO. (117 countries). (164 members as of 2019). 2001. Doha Round launched. 1949. Annecy Round completed.
The History and Future of the World Trade Organization
GATT after the Second World War. Some see the later creation of the WTO as part of the. “peace dividend” that came with the end of the Cold War.
Comparing GATT and GATS: Regime Creation under and after
Trade policy; international regimes; hegemony; multilateral negotiations; services; GATT. According to hegemonic stability theory' the creation and maintenance.
THE ATTLEE GOVERNMENT AND THE CREATION OF THE GATT
Tariffs and Trade (GATT). This supposedly interim agreement which was meant to provide a framework for tariff reductions in advance of the creation of the
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Whereas GATT had mainly dealt with trade in goods the WTO and its agreements now cover trade in services
CERTAIN MEASURES AFFECTING THE RENEWABLE ENERGY
06-May-2013 ... renewable energy generation equipment than accorded to like products of Ontario origin in violation of Article III:4 of the GATT 1994;.
UG365: GATT Configurator Users Guide for Bluetooth® SDK v2.x
It also supports creating importing
The WTO
Location:Geneva, Switzerland
Established:1 January 1995
Created by:Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-94)
Membership:153 countries (since 23 July 2008)
Budget:196 million Swiss francs for 2011
Secretariat staff:640
Head:Pascal Lamy (Director-General)
Functions:
Administering WTO trade agreements
Forum for trade negotiations
Handling trade disputes
Monitoring national trade policies
Technical assistance and training for developing countries Cooperation with other international organizationsFifth edition
Previously published as "Trading into the Future"
Written and published by the
World Trade Organization
Information and External Relations Division
© 2011 WTO
An up-to-date version of this text also appears on the WTO website (http://www.wto.org, click on "the WTO"), where it is regularly updated to reflect developments in the WTO.Contact the WTO Information Division
rue de Lausanne 154, CH-1211 Genève 21, Switzerland Tel: (41-22) 739 5007/5190 Fax: (41-22) 739 54 58e-mail: enquiries@wto.orgContact WTO Publications
rue de Lausanne 154, CH-1211 Genève 21, Switzerland Tel: (41-22) 739 5208/5308 Fax: (41-22) 739 579 2 e-mail: publications@wto.orgJuly 2011
ISBN: 978-92-870-3748-0
Understanding the WTO
8462_P_001_007_Q6 25/01/08 15:24 Page 1
Some of the abbreviations and acronyms used in the WTO:ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group
(Lomé Convention and Cotonu Agreement)AD, A-D Anti-dumping measures
AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area
AMS Aggregate measurement of support
(agriculture)APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ATC Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CCC (former) Customs Co-operation Council
(now WCO)CER [Australia New Zealand] Closer Economic
Relations [Trade Agreement] (also ANCERTA)
COMESACommon Market for Eastern and
Southern Africa
CTD Committee on Trade and Development
CTE Committee on Trade and Environment
CVD Countervailing duty (subsidies)
DDA Doha Development Agenda
DSB Dispute Settlement Body
DSU Dispute Settlement Understanding
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GSP Generalized System of Preferences
HS Harmonized Commodity Description
and Coding SystemICITO Interim Commission for the
International Trade Organization
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
ITC International Trade CentreITO International Trade OrganizationMEA Multilateral environmental agreement
MERCOSUR Southern Common Market
MFA Multifibre Arrangement (replaced by ATC)
MFN Most-favoured-nation
MTN Multilateral trade negotiations
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
PSE Producer subsidy equivalent (agriculture)
PSI Pre-shipment inspection
S&D, SDT Special and differential treatment
(for developing countries)SAARC South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation
SDR Special Drawing Rights (IMF)
SELA Latin American Economic System
SPS Sanitary and phytosanitary measures
TBT Technical barriers to trade
TMB Textiles Monitoring Body
TNC Trade Negotiations Committee
TPRB Trade Policy Review Body
TPRM Trade Policy Review Mechanism
TRIMs Trade-related investment measures
TRIPS Trade-related aspects of intellectual
property rightsUN United Nations
UNCTAD UN Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP UN Development Programme
UNEP UN Environment Programme
UPOV International Union for the Protection
of New Varieties of PlantsUR Uruguay Round
VER Voluntary export restraint
VRA Voluntary restraint agreement
WCO World Customs Organization
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
WTO World Trade Organization
ABBREVIATIONS
For a comprehensive list of abbreviations and glossary of terms used in international trade, see, for example:
Walter Goode, Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms, 5th edition, WTO/Cambridge University Press, 2007. This and many other publications on the WTO and trade are available from:WTO Publications, World Trade Organization, Centre William Rappard, Rue de Lausanne 154, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
Tel (+41-22) 739 5208/5308. Fax: (+41-22) 739 5792. E-mail: publications@wto.org 21008_0073_P_001_007_Q6 13/08/10 5:40 Page 2
ON THE WEBSITE
You can find more information on WTO
activities and issues on the WTO website. The site is created around "gateways" leading to various sub- jects - for example, the "trade topics" gateway or the "Doha Development Agenda" gateway. Each gateway provides links to all material on its subject. References in this text show you where to find the material. This is in the form of a path through gateways, starting with one of the navigation links in the top right of the homepage or any other page on the site. For example, to find material on the agriculture negotiations, you go through this series of gateways and links: www.wto.org > trade topics > goods > agriculture > agriculture negotiations You can follow this path, either by clicking directly on the links, or via drop-down menus that will appear in most browsers when you place your cursor over the "trade topics" link at the top of any web page on the site.A word of caution: the fine print
While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the text in this booklet, it cannot be taken as an official legal interpretation of the agreements. 3 In addition, some simplifications are used in order to keep the text simple and clear. In particular, the words "country" and "nation" are frequently used to describe WTO members, whereas a few members are officially "customs territories", and not necessarily countries in the usual sense of the word (see list of members). The same applies when participants in trade negotiations are called "countries" or "nations". Where there is little risk of misunderstanding, the word "member" is dropped from "member countries (nations, gov- ernments)", for example in the descriptions of the WTO agreements. Naturally, the agreements and commitments do not apply to non-members. In some parts of the text, GATT is described as an "interna- tional organization". The phrase reflects GATT"s de facto role before the WTO was created, and it is used simplistically here to help readers understand that role. As the text points out, this role was always ad hoc, without a proper legal foundation. International law did not recognize GATT as an organization. For simplicity, the text uses the term "GATT members". Officially, since GATT was a treaty and not a legally-established organization, GATT signatories were "contracting parties". And, for easier reading, article numbers in GATT and GATS have been translated from Roman numbers into European digits.8462_P_001_007_Q6 25/01/08 15:24 Page 3
CONTENTS
4CHAPTER 1 BASICS
1. What is the World Trade Organization?9
2. Principles of the trading system10
3. The case for open trade13
4. The GATT years: from Havana to Marrakesh15
5. The Uruguay Round18
CHAPTER 2 THE AGREEMENTS
1. Overview: a navigational guide 23
2. Tariffs: more bindings and closer to zero25
3. Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers26
4. Standards and safety30
5. Textiles: back in the mainstream31
6. Services: rules for growth and investment33
7. Intellectual property: protection and enforcement39
8. Anti-dumping, subsidies, safeguards: contingencies, etc44
9. Non-tariff barriers: red tape, etc49
Import licensing: keeping procedures clear49
Rules for the valuation of goods at customs49
Preshipment inspection: a further check on imports50Rules of origin: made in ... where?50
Investment measures: reducing trade distortions51
10. Plurilaterals: of minority interest51
11. Trade policy reviews: ensuring transparency53
CHAPTER 3 SETTLING DISPUTES
1. A unique contribution55
2. The panel process59
3. Case study: the timetable in practice60
CHAPTER 4 CROSS-CUTTING AND NEW ISSUES
1. Regionalism: friends or rivals?63
2. The environment: a specific concern65
3. Investment, competition, procurement, simpler procedures72
4. Electronic commerce74
5. Labour standards: highly controversial74
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5CHAPTER 6 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
1. Overview93
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