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RESEARCH LETTER
Analysis of swarm earthquakes around Mt.
Agung Bali, Indonesia prior to November 2017
eruption using regional BMKG networkMohamad
Taufik
Gunawan
1* ,RidwanKusnandar
1 ,PepenSupendi
1,2 ,Andri DianNugraha
2,3Nanang
T.Puspito
2,3 ,Daryono 1 ,David P.Sahara
2,3 andZulfakriza
2,3Abstract
km.FocalmechanismsolutionsKeywords:
mechanism© The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and
the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material
in this article are included in the article"s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material
is not included in the article"s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the
permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit
http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/.Introduction
(CVGHM),Mt.Agung(3.142 mabovethemeansea quakeactivitywasfeltbyaresidentinYehKoriVillagelocated6 kmsoutheastMt.Agung,intheregionofTian 1964).In1963,?efirstmajorexplosionproduceda
JakartainwesternJava,adistanceofabout1000 km
fromthevolcano(SelfandRampino 2012).?eeruption waytothecoast(Fig. 3).?eeruptioncausedmanycasu- 2012
Open Access*Correspondence:taufik.gunawan.bali@gmail.com 1
Agencyfor
Meteorology,Climatology,and
Geophysics(BMKG),Jakarta
10610,Indonesia
Page 2 of 9Gunawan et al. Geosci. Lett. (2020) 7:14 ofthevolcaniceruption(Kusumadinata 1964).Ingen 1992
quakes2 monthspriortotheNovember2017eruption
Pandan(Santosoet al.2018),Jailolovolcano(Nugraha
et al.2018a),Bekancan(Nugrahaet al.2018b),thesouth ernpartofGarut,WestJava(Supendiet al. 2018),West
Halmahera(Nugrahaet al.
2017b)amongmanyothers.
Albinoet al.(
2019)suggestedthatthedikeintrusion depthlessthan40 km.?eaimofthisstudyistoana tionspublishedbyBMKG.
Data and methods
Agung(Fig. 1)withasamplingfrequencyof40-100 Hz.
atMt.Agung.On22September2017,thestatusofMt.Agungwas
Fig. 12017(M
L 4.2) Page 3 of 9Gunawanet al. Geosci. Lett. (2020) 7:14Mt.Agungarea.CVGHMproducedVolcanoObser-
thecrater. cano(Nugrahaet al.2017a;Widiyantoroet al.2018).
typeA(VT-A)andVTtypeB(VT-B)(McCauslandet al. 2017;Iguchiet al. 2011
).Stressaccumulationiscausedby 2002
havetypicaldepthsofmorethan2 km,high-frequency content(morethan5 Hz),andcleartimeonsetsofP-and callyoccurredatashallowerdepth(1-2 km)andhada lowerfrequencycontent(1-5 Hz),andtheonsettime beforeexplodedtothesurface(Wassermann 2012
Seisgram2K(LomaxandMichelini
2009)basedonkurto timesispresentedinFig. 2.Usingtheupdatedarrival usingtheHypoellipsecode(Lahr 1979
).A1-Dseismic velocitymodelofAK135(Kennettet al. 1995
)wasusedin 2001
system. schemedevelopedbyKuge( 1999
)wasappliedinthis lengthof20 sandfollowedbyband-passfilteringfrom
0.1to0.3 Hz.?eoptimummomenttensorsolution
reflectivitymethoddevelopedbyKohketsu( 1985Result and discussion
AgungandMt.Batur(Fig. 3a).Tocheckthereliabilityof
timewasplotted(Fig. 4).Ingeneral,aVp/Vsratioof1.74Vp/Vsdata,i.e.,1.73(SteinandWysession
2003),indicat closetotheactualarrivaltime. morepreciselocations(Fig. 3b).?eimprovementofthe hypocenterrelocationisshowninFig. 5.Furthermore, alsosolved(Fig. 6).Afterrelocation,wecanseethatthe centratedatdepthsof0-20 km(belowsealevel)and showedtomoveshallowbeneathMtAgung. ageof40eventsperday(Fig. 7).?isincreaseofthe magmafromdeepintoshallowmagmastorage.An andlocated.Syahbanaet al.( 2019
)showedusinglocal Page 4 of 9Gunawan et al. Geosci. Lett. (2020) 7:14 eventsinthisstudy(Fig. 6blineC-D)areingoodagree beneathMt.AgungfromSyahbanaet al.( 2019
)which successfullyidentifiedfortheirmechanism(Fig. 8) with magnitudeofgreaterthan M L
3.Outofthose11events,
mechanism. Fig. 2 L4.2)onBMKGseismicnetwork.Redandbluelines
Page 5 of 9Gunawanet al. Geosci. Lett. (2020) 7:14Basedonthesourcemechanismanalysisfrom11
(Bronto 2006toconfirmandrefinethisanalysis. Fig. 3 depictvolcanoes Fig. 4 Page 6 of 9Gunawan et al. Geosci. Lett. (2020) 7:14
Conclusion
renceandabsenceofVTeventsmightbeusedasan ofthemagmaticplumbingsystemofMt.Agung. Fig. 5 Page 7 of 9Gunawanet al. Geosci. Lett. (2020) 7:14 Fig. 6 presentedinFig. 3 Fig. 7 Page 8 of 9Gunawan et al. Geosci. Lett. (2020) 7:14 Fig. 8 Page 9 of 9Gunawanet al. Geosci. Lett. (2020) 7:14Acknowledgements
1998Authors' contributions
manuscript.Funding
PPMB,ITB).
Availability of data and materials
Competing interests
tionoftheworkdescribedinthismanuscript.Author details
1Agencyfor
Meteorology,Climatology,and
Geophysics(BMKG),Jakarta
10610,Indonesia.
2Centerfor
EarthquakeScienceand
Technology(CEST),
ResearchCenterfor
ung40132,Indonesia.
3GlobalGeophysicsResearchGroup,Facultyof
Mining
and40132,
Indonesia.
Received: 8 March 2019 Accepted: 23 September 2020References
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