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THE FUTURE IS NOW

SCIENCE FOR ACHIEVING

SU

STAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT

2 19

THE FUTURE IS NOW

SCIENCE FOR ACHIEVING

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2 19

Note

In the outcome document of the Rio+20 Conference, in 2012, entitled “The future we want", and again in “Transforming

our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", in 2015, United Nations Member States decided that the High-

Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development would be informed by the Global Sustainable Development Report. In

the Ministerial Declaration of the 2016 Forum, Member States decided that the report would be produced quadrennially

by an independent group of scientists appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General and comprising 15 experts

representing a variety of backgrounds, scienti c disciplines and institutions, with geographical and gender balance.

This report,

The Future is Now: Science for Achieving Sustainable Development, is the rst quadrennial Global Sustainable

Development Report prepared by an independent group of scientists.

Independent Group of Scientists 2019

Co-chairs

Peter Messerli (Switzerland), Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Switzerland

Endah Murniningtyas (Indonesia), National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), Republic of Indonesia

Members

Parfait Eloundou-Enyegue (Cameroon), Department of Development Sociology, Cornell University, USA

Ernest G. Foliă(Ghana), Council for Scienti c and Industrial Research (CSIR), Forestry Research Institute, Ghana

Eeva Furman (Finland), Finnish environment institute (SYKE), Finland Amanda Glassman (USA), Center for Global Development, USA

Gonzalo Hernández Licona (Mexico), National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL),

Mexico

Eun Mee Kim (Republic of Korea), Graduate School of International Studies, Ewha Womans University, Republic of

Korea.

Wolfgang Lutz (Austria), Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital, International Institute of

Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria

Jean-Paul Moatti (France), Research Institute for Development (IRD), France Katherine Richardson (Denmark), Sustainability Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Muhammad Saidam (Jordan), Royal Scienti c Society, Jordan David Smith (Jamaica), Institute for Sustainable Development, University of the West Indies (UWI)

Jurgis Kazimieras Staniškis (Lithuania), Institute of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology,

Lithuania

Jean-Pascal van Ypersele (Belgium), Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium

Recommended citation: Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General,

Global Sustainable

Development Report 2019:

The Future is Now - Science for Achieving Sustainable Development, (United Nations, New York,

2019).

Cover design and graphics by Camilo J. Salomon

Copyright © 2019 United Nations

All rights reserved

United Nations publication issued by the Department of Economic and Social Aairs

Reprinted 2019

iiiiii

Global Sustainable Development Report 2019

iv

Contents

vv

Contents

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

PROLOGUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix

CHAPTER I

THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . .1

1.1Understanding sustainable development in the 2030 Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2Progress to date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.3Knowledge-based transformations for sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

CHAPTER II

TRANSFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

2.1Lever 1 - Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

2.2Lever 2 - Economy and nance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

2.3Lever 3 - Individual and collective action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.4Lever 4 - Science and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.5Entry point 1 - Human well-being and capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2.6Entry point 2 - Sustainable and just economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2.7Entry point 3 - Food systems and nutrition patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

2.8Entry point 4 - Energy decarbonization and universal access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

2.9Entry point 5 - Urban and peri-urban development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

2.10Entry point 6 - Global environmental commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

2.11Shared responsibility for transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . 106

CHAPTER III SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

3.1The 2030 Agenda as a shared compass to harness advances

in science and technology

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

3.2Sustainability science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

3.3Partners for transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .123

CHAPTER IV

CALL TO ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

4.1Strengthening human well-being and capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

4.2Shifting towards sustainable and just economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

4.3Building sustainable food systems and healthy nutrition patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

4.4Achieving energy decarbonization with universal access to energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

4.5Promoting sustainable urban and peri-urban development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

4.6Securing the global environmental commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

132

4.7Science and technology for sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

4.8Not incremental change but transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .135

Global Sustainable Development Report 2019

vi AFTERWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

ANNEXES

ANNEX I

MINISTERIAL DECLARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

ANNEX II

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203

ANNEX III

REVIEW PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

ANNEX IV INDEPENDENT GROUP OF SCIENTISTS 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

BOXES

1-1The Global Sustainable Development Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .3

1-2Interactions among Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Figure source: Author's calculation. For further details, see the repository of Sustainable Develop- ment Goals interactions on the Global Sustainable Development Report website.

1-3The Global Monitoring Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .9

Figure source: United Nations, 2019

1-4Other assessments of progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .12

1-5Tipping points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

1-6Small island developing States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .14

1-7Least developed countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

1-8The Global Sustainable Development Framework for knowledge-based

transformations towards sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

2-1Political equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure source: Leininger, J., et al., 2019

2-2The continuing signi?cance of international ?nancial cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2-3Cognitive capacity for sustainable development choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

2-4Adaptive collaborative management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . 36

2-5Widespread deprivations in safely managed drinking water

and sanitation services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

2-6Climate change disproportionately a ects the most vulnerable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

2-7Ensuring refugees and migrants are counted and visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

2-8Tackling inequality is good for poverty reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Figure source: Lakner, et al., 2019

2-9Private-sector innovations towards better health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

2-10Shifting behaviour for better health in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2-11Mitigating health emergencies using emerging technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2-12Measuring multidimensional poverty at the national level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2-13Early childhood interventions build capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

2-14Partnerships for access to health care in Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2-15Alternatives to GDP as a measure of progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

2-16Damage caused by fossil fuel subsidies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2-17Carbon pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

2-18Just transition for coal workers and communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Contents

vii

2-19Addressing the needs of the poor in a circular economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

2-20Stranded assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

2-21Global surveillance system for crop diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . 66

2-22ColdHubs solar-powered storage in Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

2-23Belo Horizonte urban food policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . 72

2-24NutriFish in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

2-25The water-food-energy-environment nexus in the Middle East

and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

2-26Expanding solar lighting and sustainable electricity access in urban

and rural Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

2-27Holistic approach to promoting energy eciency in Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

2-28Nuclear energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

2-29Intersection of gender, health and energy in Indonesia: clean cooking

initiatives and scal sustainability . . . . . . . . . . 83

2-30Future city growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

2-31Urban development opportunities in landlocked developing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

2-32Technology for sustainability in the cement industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

2-33Leaving no one behind: three transport examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

2-34Architecture to reect regional culture and advance the

Sustainable Development Goals: examples from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

2-35Inclusive urban planning: water management at Zaatari camp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

2-36Sustainable Development Goals for resilient mountain communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

2-37Sustainable management of chemicals throughout their life cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

2-38Using technology to protect old-growth tropical rainforest

in a small country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

2-39Networked Sustainable Development Goals through a climate lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

2-40Bhutan - a carbon-negative country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . 104

2-41Sustainable hydrology for fresh water as a common good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

2-42Example of a mechanism that mixes multiple pathways in regional

cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

2-43Science diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

2-44Integrated pathways towards sustainable and equitable water access . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

2-45Equitable land governance as an integrated pathway

to sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

3-1Modes of scienti c engagement with the Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . 113

3-2Decades of interdisciplinary research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . 114

3-3Strengthening the science-policy interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 116

3-4The digital revolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

3-5Indigenous knowledge for sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

3-6Open access to published scienti c knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

3-7Transboundary research partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . 125

Global Sustainable Development Report 2019

viii

FIGURES

1-1Cross-national ?ows of information, goods, capital and people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Source: United Nations, 2019; World Bank, 2019

1-2Technology: exponential increases in power and rapid adoption,

but also inequalities in access . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Source: Rupp, 2015; World Bank, 2019

1-3Children out of school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Source: World Bank, 2019

1-4Global inequality and growth, 1980-2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 17

Source: Alvaredo, Facundo, et al., 2018

1-5Intergenerational mobility and inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 17

Source: Corak, 2013

1-6Human activity induces climate change: rising CO

2 levels, increasing mean temperatures, shrinking sea ice, elevated sea levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Source: Macfarling Meure, C., et al., 2006; World Meteorological Organization, 2019

1-7Continuing loss of species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Source: International Union for Conservation of Nature 2019

1-8Human activities drive biodiversity loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . 20 Source: Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem

Services, 2019

1-9Striking the balance: no country is meeting basic human goals

within biophysical boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Source: O'Neill, et al., 2018

2-1Systemic interactions related to Goal 2 (zero hunger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Source: Author's calculations, modelled after Weitz, et al., 2018

2-2Pathways to transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

2-3Human well-being and capabilities: where the world is falling short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Source: Alkire, et al., 2018; International Labour Organization, 2017a; International

Telecommunication Union, 2018c; United Nations, 2019; United Nations Children's Fund, 2018; World Bank, 2018f

2-4Sustainable and just economies: the facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 51

Source: International Labour Organization, 2018b; International Labour Organization, 2019; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 2019c; World Bank, 2018e; World Resources Institute, 2016

2-5GDP growth and CO

2 emissions per capita . . 52

Source: World Bank, 2019

2-6Labour force participation rates, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .55

Source: International Labour Organization, 2019

2-7The circular economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Source: Murray, et al., 2015

2-8Food systems and nutrition patterns: changing food systems

is essential for sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . 65

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2017c; Food and Agriculture Organization, 2019; International Labour Organization, 2017b; Gustavsson, et al., 2011; Vermeulen, et al., 2012; Willett, et al., 2019

2-9Impact of food on the environment: selected proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Source: Poore and Nemecek 2018

Contents

ix

2-10Solutions to reduce agricultural emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . 70

Source: Searchinger et al. 2018

2-11Impact of nitrogen fertilizer use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . 73

2-12Energy decarbonization with universal access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Source: International Energy Agency, 2018a; International Energy Agency 2019; United Nations, 2018c; World Bank, 2019a; World Health Organization, 2018b

2-13The emissions gap: current commitments insucient to achieve

necessary reductions in emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Source: United Nations Environment Programme, 2018

2-14Urban and peri-urban development: growing cities, growing impacts. . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Source: International Energy Agency 2016; International Resource Panel, 2018;

United Nations, 2018a; United Nations Environment Programme, 2016c; United Nations Environment Programme, 2017b; World Bank, 2019f

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