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Portorož, Slovenia, 27-28 October 2014ǻǢ

Portorož, Slovenie, 27-28 octobre 2014

© Sandrine Ruitton

May 2015Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) Centre d'Activités Régionales pour les Aires Spécialement Pr otégées (CAR/ASP) Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat | B.P. 337 - 1080 Tunis Cedex -Tunisia phone: +216 71 206 649 / +216 71 206 485 / +216 71 206 851 / +216 71 206 765

Fax: +216 71 206 490

E-mail: car-asp@rac-spa.org

web: www.rac-spa.org Avec le support du projet MedKeyhabitats Finance par la fondation MAVA (FRV\VWHPGHVFULSWRU

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Mediterranean coastlines and main drivers of loss; 2) a compilation of data on known factors enhancing resilience and restoration success; 3) a discussion of gaps in the data, ecological knowledge, and protection measures for these coastal habitats and recommendations for how to address these gaps.

Results

Historical loss and main drivers

Conspicuous declines of algal canopies, sometimes to local extinction, have been reported in many regions along the coasts of Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Greece and Turkey (Fig. 1 and Tab. 1). Along the Albères coast only 5 out of 14 species of Fucales (Cystoseira spp. and Sargassum spp.) documented as abundant in 1912 were present in

2003 (Thibaut et al., 2005). Lost algal forests tend to be replaced by assemblages of lower

structural complexity, such as turf-forming, filamentous or other ephemeral seaweeds, (Mangialajo et al., 2008; Connell et al., 2014; Strain et al., 2014). Canopy algae, turfs and barrens have been suggested to represent alternative states in shallow temperate rocky coasts under different disturbance and stress regimes (Airoldi et al., 2009). There is a growing consensus and empirical evidence that these habitat shifts are driven by multiple anthropogenic stressors, including overfishing of higher trophic groups leading to outbreaks of grazers, eutrophication, excess sediment loads, coastal development, heavy metal pollution, point source pollutants such as oil spills, detergents and anti-fouling paints and invasive species (Table 1). These local anthropogenic stressors can interact negatively with environmental stressors or global climatic stressors (such as increasing temperature and CO

2) resulting in accelerated declines of canopy-

algae (Perkol-Finkel & Airoldi, 2010; Asnaghiet al., 2013; Olabarriaet al., 2013; Strain et al., 2014). Factors enhancing resilience or restoration efforts While the proximate drivers of canopy loss are now relatively well understood, the factors that control the recovery have been more difficult to identify, and over a certain deterioration threshold, these systems may not be able to recover at all (Perkol- Finkel & Airoldi, 2010). The alternative habitat replacing lost canopies seems A B C D Fig. 1: Canopy algae characterise Mediterranean rocky coasts (e.g.A-Cystoseira balearica forest, Scandola, Corse), but many forests have been replaced by algal turfs (e.g. B- Haifa, Israel), urchin barrens (e.g. C- Porto Cesareo, Italy), or mussel beds (e.g. D - Monte Conero, Italy). Photographs by: A) E Ballesteros, B) L Airoldi, C) P Guidetti, D) L Airoldi /RVWVSHFLHV *HRJUDSKLFORFDWLRQ $PRXQWRI ORVV 'ULYHURIORVV $OWHUQDWLYH

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