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Apache HTTP Server Documentation Version 2.4

Apache Software Foundation

July 12, 2015

ii

About The PDF Documentation

Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more contributor license agreements. See the NO-

TICE file distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this

file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with

the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www .apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 This version of the Apache HTTP Server Documentation is converted from XML source files to L

ATEX using XSLT

with the help of Apache Ant, Apache XML Xalan, and Apache XML Xerces.

Since the HTML version of the documentation is more commonly checked during development, the PDF ver-

sion may contain some errors and inconsistencies, especially in formatting. If you have difficulty reading a

part of this file, please consult the HTML version of the documentation on the Apache HTTP Server website at

http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/

The Apache HTTP Server Documentation is maintained by the Apache HTTP Server Documentation Project. More

information is available at http://httpd.apache.or g/docs-project/

Contents

1 Release Notes1

1.1 Upgrading to 2.4 from 2.2

2

1.2 Overview of new features in Apache HTTP Server 2.4

7

1.3 Overview of new features in Apache HTTP Server 2.2

11

1.4 Overview of new features in Apache HTTP Server 2.0

14

1.5 The Apache License, Version 2.0

16

2 Using the Apache HTTP Server

19

2.1 Compiling and Installing

20

2.2 Starting Apache

25

2.3 Stopping and Restarting Apache HTTP Server

27

2.4 Configuration Files

30

2.5 Configuration Sections

33

2.6 Caching Guide

40

2.7 Server-Wide Configuration

51

2.8 Log Files

53

2.9 Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations

61

2.10 Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Support

65

2.11 Content Negotiation

68

2.12 Custom Error Responses

75

2.13 Binding to Addresses and Ports

78

2.14 Multi-Processing Modules (MPMs)

80

2.15 Environment Variables in Apache

82

2.16 Expressions in Apache HTTP Server

89

2.17 Apache"s Handler Use

98

2.18 Filters

100

2.19 Shared Object Cache in Apache HTTP Server

104

2.20 suEXEC Support

105

2.21 Issues Regarding DNS and Apache HTTP Server

111
iii ivCONTENTS

3 Apache Virtual Host documentation

113

3.1 Apache Virtual Host documentation

114

3.2 Name-based Virtual Host Support

115

3.3 Apache IP-based Virtual Host Support

118

3.4 Dynamically Configured Mass Virtual Hosting

120

3.5 VirtualHost Examples

124

3.6 An In-Depth Discussion of Virtual Host Matching

131

3.7 File Descriptor Limits

134

4 URL Rewriting Guide135

4.1 Apache modrewrite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

4.2 Apache modrewrite Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

4.3 Redirecting and Remapping with modrewrite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

4.4 Using modrewrite to control access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

4.5 Dynamic mass virtual hosts with modrewrite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

4.6 Using modrewrite for Proxying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

4.7 Using RewriteMap

156

4.8 Advanced Techniques with modrewrite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

4.9 When not to use modrewrite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

4.10 RewriteRule Flags

168

4.11 Apache modrewrite Technical Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

5 Apache SSL/TLS Encryption

181

5.1 Apache SSL/TLS Encryption

182

5.2 SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: An Introduction

183

5.3 SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: Compatibility

192

5.4 SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: How-To

196

5.5 SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: FAQ

202

6 Guides, Tutorials, and HowTos

215

6.1 How-To / Tutorials

216

6.2 Authentication and Authorization

217

6.3 Access Control

224

6.4 Apache Tutorial: Dynamic Content with CGI

226

6.5 Apache httpd Tutorial: Introduction to Server Side Includes

233

6.6 Apache HTTP Server Tutorial: .htaccess files

239

6.7 Per-user web directories

245

CONTENTSv

7 Platform-specific Notes249

7.1 Platform Specific Notes

250

7.2 Using Apache HTTP Server on Microsoft Windows

251

7.3 Compiling Apache for Microsoft Windows

259

7.4 Using Apache With RPM Based Systems (Redhat / CentOS / Fedora)

265

7.5 Using Apache With Novell NetWare

268

7.6 Running a High-Performance Web Server on HPUX

276

7.7 The Apache EBCDIC Port

277

8 Apache HTTP Server and Supporting Programs

281

8.1 Server and Supporting Programs

282

8.2 httpd - Apache Hypertext Transfer Protocol Server

283

8.3 ab - Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool

285

8.4 apachectl - Apache HTTP Server Control Interface

289

8.5 apxs - APache eXtenSion tool

291

8.6 configure - Configure the source tree

295

8.7 dbmmanage - Manage user authentication files in DBM format

303

8.8 fcgistarter - Start a FastCGI program

305

8.9 htcacheclean - Clean up the disk cache

306

8.10 htdbm - Manipulate DBM password databases

308

8.11 htdigest - manage user files for digest authentication

311

8.12 htpasswd - Manage user files for basic authentication

312

8.13 httxt2dbm - Generate dbm files for use with RewriteMap

315

8.14 logresolve - Resolve IP-addresses to hostnames in Apache log files

316

8.15 logserverstatus - Log periodic status summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

8.16 rotatelogs - Piped logging program to rotate Apache logs

318

8.17 split-logfile - Split up multi-vhost logfiles

321

8.18 suexec - Switch user before executing external programs

322

8.19 Other Programs

323

9 Apache Miscellaneous Documentation

325

9.1 Apache Miscellaneous Documentation

326

9.2 Apache Performance Tuning

327

9.3 Security Tips

338

9.4 Relevant Standards

343

9.5 Password Formats

345
viCONTENTS

10 Apache modules349

10.1 Terms Used to Describe Modules

350

10.2 Terms Used to Describe Directives

351

10.3 Apache Module core

354

10.4 Apache Module modaccesscompat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

10.5 Apache Module modactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

10.6 Apache Module modalias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

10.7 Apache Module modallowmethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

10.8 Apache Module modasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

10.9 Apache Module modauthbasic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

10.10 Apache Module modauthdigest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

10.11 Apache Module modauthform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

10.12 Apache Module modauthnanon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

10.13 Apache Module modauthncore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

10.14 Apache Module modauthndbd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

10.15 Apache Module modauthndbm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

10.16 Apache Module modauthnfile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

10.17 Apache Module modauthnsocache. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

10.18 Apache Module modauthnzfcgi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

10.19 Apache Module modauthnzldap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

10.20 Apache Module modauthzcore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

10.21 Apache Module modauthzdbd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

10.22 Apache Module modauthzdbm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

10.23 Apache Module modauthzgroupfile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

10.24 Apache Module modauthzhost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

10.25 Apache Module modauthzowner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

10.26 Apache Module modauthzuser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

10.27 Apache Module modautoindex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

10.28 Apache Module modbuffer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

10.29 Apache Module modcache. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

10.30 Apache Module modcachedisk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

10.31 Apache Module modcachesocache. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

10.32 Apache Module modcernmeta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546

10.33 Apache Module modcgi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

10.34 Apache Module modcgid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

10.35 Apache Module modcharsetlite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

10.36 Apache Module moddata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

CONTENTSvii

10.37 Apache Module moddav. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

10.38 Apache Module moddavfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

10.39 Apache Module moddavlock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

10.40 Apache Module moddbd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

10.41 Apache Module moddeflate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

10.42 Apache Module moddialup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

10.43 Apache Module moddir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

10.44 Apache Module moddumpio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

10.45 Apache Module modecho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

10.46 Apache Module modenv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582

10.47 Apache Module modexamplehooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584

10.48 Apache Module modexpires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586

10.49 Apache Module modextfilter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

10.50 Apache Module modfilecache. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

10.51 Apache Module modfilter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596

10.52 Apache Module modheaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604

10.53 Apache Module modheartbeat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610

10.54 Apache Module modheartmonitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

10.55 Apache Module modident. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

10.56 Apache Module modimagemap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

10.57 Apache Module modinclude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

10.58 Apache Module modinfo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

10.59 Apache Module modisapi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

10.60 Apache Module modlbmethodbybusyness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

10.61 Apache Module modlbmethodbyrequests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

10.62 Apache Module modlbmethodbytraffic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

10.63 Apache Module modlbmethodheartbeat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

10.64 Apache Module modldap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

10.65 Apache Module modlogconfig. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656

10.66 Apache Module modlogdebug. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662

10.67 Apache Module modlogforensic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664

10.68 Apache Module modlogio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666

10.69 Apache Module modlua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

10.70 Apache Module modmacro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695

10.71 Apache Module modmime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699

10.72 Apache Module modmimemagic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712

10.73 Apache Module modnegotiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716

viiiCONTENTS

10.74 Apache Module modnwssl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720

10.75 Apache Module modprivileges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

10.76 Apache Module modproxy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727

10.77 Apache Module modproxyajp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753

10.78 Apache Module modproxybalancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

10.79 Apache Module modproxyconnect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766

10.80 Apache Module modproxyexpress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

10.81 Apache Module modproxyfcgi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

10.82 Apache Module modproxyfdpass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

10.83 Apache Module modproxyftp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

10.84 Apache Module modproxyhtml. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

10.85 Apache Module modproxyhttp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

10.86 Apache Module modproxyscgi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785

10.87 Apache Module modproxywstunnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788

10.88 Apache Module modratelimit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789

10.89 Apache Module modreflector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790

10.90 Apache Module modremoteip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

10.91 Apache Module modreqtimeout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795

10.92 Apache Module modrequest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797

10.93 Apache Module modrewrite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798

10.94 Apache Module modsed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812

10.95 Apache Module modsession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814

10.96 Apache Module modsessioncookie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

10.97 Apache Module modsessioncrypto. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824

10.98 Apache Module modsessiondbd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828

10.99 Apache Module modsetenvif. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

10.100 Apache Module modslotmemplain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

10.101 Apache Module modslotmemshm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838

10.102 Apache Module modso. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

10.103 Apache Module modsocachedbm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

10.104 Apache Module modsocachedc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842

10.105 Apache Module modsocachememcache. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

10.106 Apache Module modsocacheshmcb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

10.107 Apache Module modspeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845

10.108 Apache Module modssl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

10.109 Apache Module modstatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885

10.110 Apache Module modsubstitute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887

CONTENTSix

10.111 Apache Module modsuexec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889

10.112 Apache Module moduniqueid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890

10.113 Apache Module modunixd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892

10.114 Apache Module moduserdir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895

10.115 Apache Module modusertrack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897

10.116 Apache Module modversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900

10.117 Apache Module modvhostalias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902

10.118 Apache Module modwatchdog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906

10.119 Apache Module modxml2enc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907

10.120 Apache Module mpmcommon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910

10.121 Apache Module event

920

10.122 Apache Module mpmnetware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923

10.123 Apache Module mpmtos2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925

10.124 Apache Module prefork

926

10.125 Apache Module mpmwinnt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929

10.126 Apache Module worker

931

11 Developer Documentation933

11.1 Developer Documentation for the Apache HTTP Server 2.4

934

11.2 Apache 1.3 API notes

935

11.3 API Changes in Apache HTTP Server 2.4 since 2.2

951

11.4 Developing modules for the Apache HTTP Server 2.4

958

11.5 Documenting code in Apache 2.4

986

11.6 Hook Functions in the Apache HTTP Server 2.x

987

11.7 Converting Modules from Apache 1.3 to Apache 2.0

990

11.8 Request Processing in the Apache HTTP Server 2.x

994

11.9 How filters work in Apache 2.0

997

11.10 Guide to writing output filters

1000

11.11 Apache HTTP Server 2.x Thread Safety Issues

1007

12 Glossary and Index1011

12.1 Glossary

1012

12.2 Module Index

1017

12.3 Directive Quick Reference

1022
xCONTENTS

Chapter 1

Release Notes

1

2CHAPTER 1. RELEASE NOTES

1.1 Upgrading to 2.4 from 2.2

In order to assist folks upgrading, we maintain a document describing information critical to existing Apache HTTP

Server users. These are intended to be brief notes, and you should be able to find more information in either the New

Features (p.

7 ) document, or in thesrc/CHANGESfile. Application and module developers can find a summary of

API changes in the API updates (p.

951
) overview.

This document describes changes in server behavior that might require you to change your configuration or how you

use the server in order to continue using 2.4 as you are currently using 2.2. To take advantage of new features in 2.4,

see the New Features document.

This document describes only the changes from 2.2 to 2.4. If you are upgrading from version 2.0, you should also

consult the 2.0 to 2.2 upgrading document. 1

See also

Overview of new features in Apache HTTP Server 2.4 (p.7 )

Compile-Time Configuration Changes

The compilation process is very similar to the one used in version 2.2. Your oldconfigurecommand line (as found

inbuild/config.nicein the installed server directory) can be used in most cases. There are some changes in

the default settings. Some details of changes: These modules have been removed: modauthndefault, modauthzdefault, modmemcache. If you were using modmemcache in 2.2, look atMODCACHEDISKin 2.4.

All load balancing implementations have been moved to individual, self-contained modproxy submodules, e.g.

MODLBMETHODBYBUSYNESS. You might need to build and load any of these that your configuration uses.

Platform support has been removed for BeOS, TPF, and even older platforms such as A/UX, Next, and Tandem.

These were believed to be broken anyway.

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