[PDF] Hurleys A Concise Introduction to Logic 11th Edition

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Sequenced. Precise.

Elegant. Clear.

Hurley's

A Concise Introduction to Logic

, 11th Edition

The iconic red

crane on the cover of this new edition of Hurley's,

A Concise Introduction to Logic

symbolizes the qualities that make it the most successful logic text on the market. We have chosen origami to symbolize this text's careful sequencing, precision, elegance, and clarity.

Couple an icon steeped in tradition

with a clean, modern design, and you will quickly get a sense of the qualities that make this new edition of Hurley the best yet. Along with instructions, each new text includes a sheet of red paper so that you can bring the cover to life.

This exercise serves as a metaphor

for the process of learning logic. It is challenging, requires practice, but can be fun. Ideas for other ways to create your own origami can be found at www.origami-resource-center.com

How to Make an Origami Crane

Make your own origami crane using these instructions and the perforated sheet of paper included in your book.

Source: www.origami-fun.com

About the Cover

2. Turn the paper over to the

white side.

Fold the paper in half, crease

well and open, and then fold again in the other direction.3. Using the creases you have made, bring the top 3 corners of the model down to the bottom corner.

Flatten model.

4. Fold top triangular

flaps into the center and unfold.

8. Fold top flaps into

the center. 9. Repeat on other side.

5. Fold top of model

downwards, crease well and unfold.6. Open the uppermost flap of the model, bringing it upwards and pressing the sides of the model inwards at the same time.

Flatten down, creasing well.

7. Turn model over

and repeat Steps 4-6 on the other side.

10. Fold both 'legs" of

model up, crease very well, then unfold.

Finished Crane.11. Inside Reverse

Fold the "legs"

along the creases you just made.

12. Inside Reverse Fold one side to make a

head, then fold down the wings.

1. Start with a square piece

of paper, colored side up.

Fold in half and open. Then

fold in half the other way. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or e

Chapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. Logic

A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or e

Chapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or e

Chapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. Logic

A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO

ELEVENTH EDITION

PATRICK J. HURLEY

University of San Diego

Australia € Brazil € Japan € Korea € Mexico € Singapore € Spain € United Kingdom € United States

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or e

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or e

Chapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it.

A Concise Introduction to Logic, Eleventh

Edition

Patrick J. Hurley

Publisher: Clark Baxter

Senior Sponsoring Editor: Joann Kozyrev

Development Editor: Florence Kilgo

Assistant Editor: Nathan Gamache

Editorial Assistant: Michaela Henry

Media Editor: Diane Akerman

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Laura Localio

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origami crane on white table (image number 85592979)

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Pvt. Ltd.© , , Wadsworth, Cengage Learning

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10

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Chapter(s).

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It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone,

to believe anything upon insu cient evidence. ...W. K. Cli ordTo: All of the instructors, past and present, who have taught logic from this book.

Nothing can be more important than the art of

formal reasoning according to true logic. ...Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or e

Chapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. vi

Brief Contents

Preface xiii

PART IINFORMAL LOGIC

1 Basic Concepts 1

2 Language: Meaning and De" nition 78

3 Informal Fallacies 119

PART IIFORMAL LOGIC

4 Categorical Propositions 197

5 Categorical Syllogisms 259

6 Propositional Logic 310

7 Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic 380

8 Predicate Logic 442

PART IIIINDUCTIVE LOGIC

9 Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning 509

10 Causality and Mills Methods 529

11 Probability 554

12 Statistical Reasoning 571

13 Hypothetical/Scienti" c Reasoning 593

14 Science and Superstition 615

Appendix: Logic and Graduate-Level Admissions Tests 644

Answers to Selected Exercises 655

Glossary/Index 697

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or e

Chapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. 1 vii

Preface xiii

PART IINFORMAL LOGIC

Basic Concepts1

1.1 Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions1

EXERCISE 1.17

1.2 Recognizing Arguments14

EXERCISE 1.225

1.3 Deduction and Induction33

EXERCISE 1.340

1.4 Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency44

EXERCISE 1.453

1.5 Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity57

EXERCISE 1.563

1.6 Extended Arguments64

EXERCISE 1.670

Language: Meaning and De“ nition78

2.1 Varieties of Meaning78

EXERCISE 2.183

2.2 The Intension and Extension of Terms88

EXERCISE 2.292

2.3 De“ nitions and Their Purposes93

EXERCISE 2.399

2.4 De“ nitional Techniques102

EXERCISE 2.4108

2.5 Criteria for Lexical De“ nitions111

EXERCISE 2.5115

2

Contents

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or e

Chapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. viii viii Contents

Informal Fallacies119

3.1 Fallacies in General119

EXERCISE 3.1121

3.2 Fallacies of Relevance122

EXERCISE 3.2133

3.3 Fallacies of Weak Induction138

EXERCISE 3.3149

3.4 Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Grammatical

Analogy156

EXERCISE 3.4170

3.5 Fallacies in Ordinary Language178

EXERCISE 3.5185

PART IIFORMAL LOGIC

Categorical Propositions197

4.1 The Components of Categorical Propositions197

EXERCISE 4.1200

4.2 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution200

EXERCISE 4.2204

4.3 Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition205

EXERCISE 4.3216

4.4 Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition217

EXERCISE 4.4225

4.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition227

EXERCISE 4.5234

4.6 Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint239

EXERCISE 4.6245

4.7 Translating Ordinary Language Statements into

Categorical Form246

EXERCISE 4.7254

3 4 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or e

Chapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. ixContents ix

Categorical Syllogisms259

5.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure259

EXERCISE 5.1264

5.2 Venn Diagrams266

EXERCISE 5.2277

5.3 Rules and Fallacies280

EXERCISE 5.3286

5.4 Reducing the Number of Terms288

EXERCISE 5.4291

5.5 Ordinary Language Arguments292

EXERCISE 5.5294

5.6 Enthymemes295

EXERCISE 5.6297

5.7 Sorites301

EXERCISE 5.7304

Propositional Logic310

6.1 Symbols and Translation310

EXERCISE 6.1319

6.2 Truth Functions323

EXERCISE 6.2332

6.3 Truth Tables for Propositions335

EXERCISE 6.3341

6.4 Truth Tables for Arguments344

EXERCISE 6.4347

6.5 Indirect Truth Tables350

EXERCISE 6.5358

6.6 Argument Forms and Fallacies360

EXERCISE 6.6371

5 6 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or e

Chapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. x x Contents

Natural Deduction in Propositional

Logic380

7.1 Rules of Implication I380

EXERCISE 7.1386

7.2 Rules of Implication II391

EXERCISE 7.2396

7.3 Rules of Replacement I401

EXERCISE 7.3407

7.4 Rules of Replacement II414

EXERCISE 7.4419

7.5 Conditional Proof427

EXERCISE 7.5430

7.6 Indirect Proof432

EXERCISE 7.6436

7.7 Proving Logical Truths438

EXERCISE 7.7440

Predicate Logic442

8.1 Symbols and Translation442

EXERCISE 8.1449

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