Contents
1. Answers will vary. Chapter 2: Fire Fighter Safety. Matching. 1. F (page 35). 2. H (page 38). 3. E (page 30). 4. B (page 35). 5. A (page 28). 6. D (page 27).
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Hurleys A Concise Introduction to Logic 11th Edition
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Introduction to Logic Irving M. Copi Carl Cohen Kenneth McMahon
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Hurley's
A Concise Introduction to Logic
, 11th EditionThe iconic red
crane on the cover of this new edition of Hurley's,A Concise Introduction to Logic
symbolizes the qualities that make it the most successful logic text on the market. We have chosen origami to symbolize this text's careful sequencing, precision, elegance, and clarity.Couple an icon steeped in tradition
with a clean, modern design, and you will quickly get a sense of the qualities that make this new edition of Hurley the best yet. Along with instructions, each new text includes a sheet of red paper so that you can bring the cover to life.This exercise serves as a metaphor
for the process of learning logic. It is challenging, requires practice, but can be fun. Ideas for other ways to create your own origami can be found at www.origami-resource-center.comHow to Make an Origami Crane
Make your own origami crane using these instructions and the perforated sheet of paper included in your book.Source: www.origami-fun.com
About the Cover
2. Turn the paper over to the
white side.Fold the paper in half, crease
well and open, and then fold again in the other direction.3. Using the creases you have made, bring the top 3 corners of the model down to the bottom corner.Flatten model.
4. Fold top triangular
flaps into the center and unfold.8. Fold top flaps into
the center. 9. Repeat on other side.5. Fold top of model
downwards, crease well and unfold.6. Open the uppermost flap of the model, bringing it upwards and pressing the sides of the model inwards at the same time.Flatten down, creasing well.
7. Turn model over
and repeat Steps 4-6 on the other side.10. Fold both 'legs" of
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Fold the "legs"
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head, then fold down the wings.1. Start with a square piece
of paper, colored side up.Fold in half and open. Then
fold in half the other way. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. LogicA CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. LogicA CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO
ELEVENTH EDITION
PATRICK J. HURLEY
University of San Diego
Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it.A Concise Introduction to Logic, Eleventh
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Patrick J. Hurley
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it.It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone,
to believe anything upon insu cient evidence. ...W. K. Cli ordTo: All of the instructors, past and present, who have taught logic from this book.Nothing can be more important than the art of
formal reasoning according to true logic. ...Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. viBrief Contents
Preface xiii
PART IINFORMAL LOGIC
1 Basic Concepts 1
2 Language: Meaning and De" nition 78
3 Informal Fallacies 119
PART IIFORMAL LOGIC
4 Categorical Propositions 197
5 Categorical Syllogisms 259
6 Propositional Logic 310
7 Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic 380
8 Predicate Logic 442
PART IIIINDUCTIVE LOGIC
9 Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning 509
10 Causality and Mills Methods 529
11 Probability 554
12 Statistical Reasoning 571
13 Hypothetical/Scienti" c Reasoning 593
14 Science and Superstition 615
Appendix: Logic and Graduate-Level Admissions Tests 644Answers to Selected Exercises 655
Glossary/Index 697
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. 1 viiPreface xiii
PART IINFORMAL LOGIC
Basic Concepts1
1.1 Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions1
EXERCISE 1.17
1.2 Recognizing Arguments14
EXERCISE 1.225
1.3 Deduction and Induction33
EXERCISE 1.340
1.4 Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency44
EXERCISE 1.453
1.5 Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity57
EXERCISE 1.563
1.6 Extended Arguments64
EXERCISE 1.670
Language: Meaning and De nition78
2.1 Varieties of Meaning78
EXERCISE 2.183
2.2 The Intension and Extension of Terms88
EXERCISE 2.292
2.3 De nitions and Their Purposes93
EXERCISE 2.399
2.4 De nitional Techniques102
EXERCISE 2.4108
2.5 Criteria for Lexical De nitions111
EXERCISE 2.5115
2Contents
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. viii viii ContentsInformal Fallacies119
3.1 Fallacies in General119
EXERCISE 3.1121
3.2 Fallacies of Relevance122
EXERCISE 3.2133
3.3 Fallacies of Weak Induction138
EXERCISE 3.3149
3.4 Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Grammatical
Analogy156
EXERCISE 3.4170
3.5 Fallacies in Ordinary Language178
EXERCISE 3.5185
PART IIFORMAL LOGIC
Categorical Propositions197
4.1 The Components of Categorical Propositions197
EXERCISE 4.1200
4.2 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution200
EXERCISE 4.2204
4.3 Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition205
EXERCISE 4.3216
4.4 Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition217
EXERCISE 4.4225
4.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition227
EXERCISE 4.5234
4.6 Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint239
EXERCISE 4.6245
4.7 Translating Ordinary Language Statements into
Categorical Form246
EXERCISE 4.7254
3 4 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. ixContents ixCategorical Syllogisms259
5.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure259
EXERCISE 5.1264
5.2 Venn Diagrams266
EXERCISE 5.2277
5.3 Rules and Fallacies280
EXERCISE 5.3286
5.4 Reducing the Number of Terms288
EXERCISE 5.4291
5.5 Ordinary Language Arguments292
EXERCISE 5.5294
5.6 Enthymemes295
EXERCISE 5.6297
5.7 Sorites301
EXERCISE 5.7304
Propositional Logic310
6.1 Symbols and Translation310
EXERCISE 6.1319
6.2 Truth Functions323
EXERCISE 6.2332
6.3 Truth Tables for Propositions335
EXERCISE 6.3341
6.4 Truth Tables for Arguments344
EXERCISE 6.4347
6.5 Indirect Truth Tables350
EXERCISE 6.5358
6.6 Argument Forms and Fallacies360
EXERCISE 6.6371
5 6 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic ri ghts, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materia lly affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves th e right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights re strictions require it. x x ContentsNatural Deduction in Propositional
Logic380
7.1 Rules of Implication I380
EXERCISE 7.1386
7.2 Rules of Implication II391
EXERCISE 7.2396
7.3 Rules of Replacement I401
EXERCISE 7.3407
7.4 Rules of Replacement II414
EXERCISE 7.4419
7.5 Conditional Proof427
EXERCISE 7.5430
7.6 Indirect Proof432
EXERCISE 7.6436
7.7 Proving Logical Truths438
EXERCISE 7.7440
Predicate Logic442
8.1 Symbols and Translation442
EXERCISE 8.1449
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