[PDF] Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Third Edition

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SELF-STUDY

Course SS1978

Third Edition

An Introduction

to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics

October 2006

Updated May 2012

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Office of Workforce and Career Development

Atlanta, GA 30333

CONTENTS

Lesson One: Introduction to Epidemiology

Lesson Two: Summarizing Data

Lesson Three: Measures of Risk

Lesson Four: Displaying Public Health Data

Lesson Five: Public Health Surveillance

Lesson Six: Investigating an Outbreak

Glossary

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Developed by

Technical Content

Development Team

Planning Committee

Graphics/Illustrations

Technical Reviewers

Field Test Participants

INTRODUCTION

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Course Design

Course Materials

Lesson One: Introduction to Epidemiology

Key features and applications of descriptive and analytic epidemiology

Lesson Two: Summarizing Data

Calculation and interpretation of mean, median, mode, ranges, variance, standard deviation, and confidence interval

Lesson Three: Measures of Risk

Calculation and interpretation of ratios, proportions, incidence rates, mortality rates, prevalence, and years of potential life lost

Lesson Four: Displaying Public Health Data

Preparation and application of tables, graphs, and charts such as arithmetic-scale line, histograms, pie chart, and box plot

Lesson Five: Public Health Surveillance

Processes, uses, and evaluation of public health surveillance in the United States

Lesson Six: Investigating an Outbreak

Steps of an outbreak in

vestigation

Supplementary Materials

Objectives

General Instructions

Reading Assignments

Exercises

Self-Assessment Quizzes

Tips for Answering Questions

Final Examination and Course Evaluation

Continuing Education

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SS1978

Continuing Education Accreditation Statements

Continuing Medical Education for Physicians (CME): enduring

17 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits

Continuing Education Designated for Non

-Physicians:

Continuing Medical Education for Nurses (CNE):

17 Continuing Education for Certified Health Educators (CECH):

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

17

GA0082

Continuing Education for Pharmacists (CPE):

IACET Continuing Education Units (CEU):

Continuing Education for Veterinarians (AAVSB/RACE):

Course Evaluation

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Ordering Information

Item

No. SS1978

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After studying this lesson and answering the questions in the exercises, you will be able to:

Define epidemiology

Summarize the historical evolution of epidemiology

Name some of the key uses of epidemiology

Identify the core epidemiology functions

Describe primary applications of epidemiology in public health practice

Specify the elements of a case definition and state the effect of changing the value of any of the elements

List the key features and uses of descriptive epidemiology List the key features and uses of analytic epidemiology List the three components of the epidemiologic triad Describe the different modes of transmission of communicable disease in a population 1 epi demoslogos

Epidemiology is the

study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems. 1 frequencypattern

Frequency

Pattern

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public health surveillance, field investigation, analytic studies, evaluation, and linkages. policy development

Escherichia coli

Design

Conduct

Analysis

interpretation

Effectiveness

efficacy

Efficiency

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Counts

Divides

Compares

case definition

Listeria monocytogenes

Salmonella

timeplaceperson

Secular (long-term) trends.

Seasonality.

Day of week and time of day.

Epidemic period.

Age. Sex.

Ethnic and racial groups.

Socioeconomic status.

experimental observational

Cohort study.

follow-upprospective retrospective

Case-control study.

Cross -sectional study. BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB agenthostenvironment Agent Host

Environment

component causes sufficient cause necessary cause

Pneumocystis carinii

Pneumocystis carinii

D E F incubation period latency period spectrum of disease infectivity

Pathogenicity

Virulence

carriers reservoirportal of exitmode of transmission portal of entrysusceptible host

Clostridium botulinum

C. botulinum

Human reservoirs

Salmonella

Salmonella

Animal reservoirs

zoonosis

Environmental reservoirs.

Legionella

pneumophila.

Mycobacterium

tuberculosis

Sarcoptes scabiei

direct transmission

Direct contact

Droplet spread r

Indirect transmission

Airborne

Vehicles

Clostridium

botulinum

Vectors

Shigella

Yersinia pestis

herd immunity endemic

Sporadic

Endemic

Hyperendemic

Epidemic

Outbreak

Cluster

Pandemic

Epidemics

BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB common-source outbreak point- source outbreak continuous common-source outbreak intermittent common-source outbreak propagated outbreak mixed epidemics

Shigella

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D Bacillus anthracis

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Question: What proportion of other persons with new onset of hepatitis B reported recent exposure to the same dentist, or to any dentist during their likely period of exposure? Question: What is the average number of death certificates the health department receives each week? By how much does this number vary? What is the range over the past year? After studying this lesson and answering the questions in the exercises, you will be able to:

Construct a frequency distribution

Calculate and interpret four measures of central location: mode, median, arithmetic mean, and geometric mean

Apply the most appropriate measure of central location for a frequency distribution Apply and interpret four measures of spread: range, interquartile range, standard deviation, and confidence interval (for mean) 2 line listline listing recordobservation variable

Epi Info 3

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Epi

Info 6

numeric descriptive nominal-scale variable ordinal-scale variable interval-scale variable ratio-scale variable qualitative categorical quantitativecontinuous

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frequency distributions. parity central location spread central locationcentral tendency arithmetic mean, median, mode midrange geometric mean spread range standard deviation 6KDSH shape symmetrical asymmetrical skewed positively skewed or skewed to the right negatively skewed or skewed to the left

Question:

Answer:

Normal

Gaussian distribution

central location mode, median, arithmetic mean, midrange, and geometric mean shape or skewness use

Definition of mode

Method for identifying the mode

Step 1.

Properties and uses of the mode

Definition of median

Method for identifying the median

Step 1.

Step 2.

D odd E even

Step 3.

D odd E even

Properties and uses of the median

Definition of mean

meanaverage

Method for calculating the mean

Step 1.

Step 2.

centering property of the mean. center of gravit

Definition of midrange

Method for identifying the midrange

Step 1.

Step 2.

Exception:Age differs from most other variables because age does not follow the usual rules for rounding to the nearest integer.

Properties and uses of the midrange

Definition of

g eometric mean

Method for calculating the geometric mean

Method A

Step 1.

Step 2.

Step 3.

Method B

Step 1.

Step 2.

BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB BBBBB range interquartile rangestandard deviation.

Method for identifying the range

Step 1.

Step 2.

Method for determining the interquartile range

Step 1.

Step 2.

Step 3.

D on an observation

E between observations

Step 4.

Properties and uses of the interquartile range

Definition of

standard deviation

Method for calculating the standard deviation

Step 1.

Step 2.

Step 3.

Step 4.

Step 5. standard deviation

Proper

ties and uses of the standard deviation

Definition of

standard error Method for calculating the standard error of the mean

Step 1.

Step 2.

Properties and uses of the standard error of the mean

Definition of a confidence interval

Method for calculating a 95% confidence interval for a mean

Step 1.

Step 2.

Step 3.

Properties and uses of confidence intervals

rangeinterquartile range A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. A. B. C. D.quotesdbs_dbs9.pdfusesText_15

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