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Issues in testing business
English
The revision of the Cambridge Business
English CertiÞcates
Also in this series:
An investigation into the comparability of two tests of English as a For eign Language: TheCambridge-TOEFL comparability study
Lyle F. Bachman, F. Davidson, K. Ryan, I.-C. Choi
Test taker characteristics and performance: A structural modeling approa chAntony John Kunnan
Performance testing, cognition and assessment: Selected papers from the15th Language Testing
Research Colloquium, Cambridge and Arnhem
Michael Milanovic, Nick Saville
The development of IELTS: A study of the effect of background knowledge on reading comprehensionCaroline Margaret Clapham
Verbal protocol analysis in language testing research: A handbookAlison Green
A multilingual glossary of language testing terms
Prepared by ALTE members
Dictionary of language testing
Alan Davies, Annie Brown, Cathie Elder, Kathryn Hill, Tom Lumley, Tim McNamara
Learner strategy use and performance on language tests: A structural equ ation modelling approachJames Enos Purpura
Fairness and validation in language assessment: Selected papers from the19th Language Testing
Research Colloquium, Orlando, Florida
Antony John Kunnan
Issues in computer-adaptive testing of reading pro fi ciencyMicheline Chalhoub-Deville
Experimenting with uncertainty: Essays in honour of Alan Davies A. Brown, C. Elder, N. Iwashita, E. Grove, K. Hill, T. Lumley, K. O'L oughlin, T. McNamara An empirical investigation of the componentiality of L2 reading in Engli sh for academic purposesCyril Weir
The equivalence of direct and semi-direct speaking testsKieran O'Loughlin
A qualitative approach to the validation of oral language testsAnne Lazaraton
Continuity and innovation: Revising the Cambridge Proficiency in English Examination1913-2002
Edited by Cyril Weir and Michael Milanovic
European language testing in a global context
Edited by Cyril Weir and Michael Milanovic
A modular approach to testing English language skills:The development of the Certi
fi cates in English Language Skills (CELS) examinationsRoger Hawkey
Changing language teaching through language testing: A washback studyLiying Cheng
Unpublished
The impact of high-stakes examinations on classroom teaching: A case study using insights from testing and innovation theoryDianne Wall
Impact theory and practice: Studies of the IELTS test andProgetto Lingue 2000
Roger Hawkey
Issues in testing business
English
The revision of the Cambridge Business
English CertiÞcates
Barry O'Sullivan
ivCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S'o PauloCambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521013307© UCLES 2006
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.First published 2006
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British LibraryISBN-13 978-0-521-01330-7 paperback
ISBN-10 0-521-01330-5 paperback
The author is grateful to the copyright holders for permission to use the copyright material reproduced in this book. Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders. Cambridge University Press apologises for any unintentional omissions and would be pleased, in such cases, to add an acknowledgement in further editions.Reprinted 2006To Maura
v viiContents
Acknowledgementsix
Series Editors' notex
Abbreviationsxii
Chapter 1
Introduction to the testing of language for business purposes 1Chapter 2
The revision of BEC 82
Chapter 3
Major changes to the suite 119
Chapter 4
Changes in the BEC papers 130
Chapter 5
Conclusions and the way forward 174
Appendices
Appendix 1.1: JOCT Evaluation Criteria 196
Appendix 1.2: CEFLS Pilot Test 197
Appendix 1.3: CEIBT - Test of Reading and Writing -June and November 1992 205
Appendix 1.4: BULATS - Standard Test English 225
Appendix 1.5: BULATS - Speaking Test 241
Appendix 1.6: BULATS - Standard Test German 244
Appendix 2.1: ALTE Work Typical Abilities 260
Appendix 3.1: BEC 1 Sample Paper 261
Appendix 3.2: BEC 2 Sample Paper 277
Appendix 3.3: BEC 3 Sample Paper 291
Appendix 4.1: BEC Preliminary Sample Paper 302
Appendix 4.2: BEC Vantage Sample Paper 328
Appendix 4.3: BEC Higher Sample Paper 353
viiiContents
Additional information on tests of language for business purposes 378References381
Index393
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the many people at Cambridge ESOL who contributed to this volume. I was lucky enough to be able to interview many of the indi viduals who were involved in the development and administration of their tests o f English for business purposes, particularly the BULATS and BEC groups. I n particular, I am indebted to Hugh Bateman, without whom the book could n ot have been completed. Others I would like to single out include Mike Mila novic and Nick Saville, who provided historical information and access to inte rnal reports, and Neil Jones, who provided documentation on the grading proce dures for BEC. I would also like to thank David Thighe who clariÞed a number of grading-related issues, and who made valuable comments on the later draf ts of this book. Finally, I would like to thank Rowena Akinyemi for all her wo rk in ensuring that this book made it to press. I would also like to thank the following individuals and institutions fo r providing information on their tests and for giving their permission for items from the tests to be included in the book: CertiÞcazione della conoscenza dell'italiano commerciale (CertiÞcate in Italian for Commerce - CIC): Professor Giuliana Grego Bolli and Francesca Pa rizzi of the Università per Stranieri di Perugia. JETRO tests: Professor Kiyokata Katoh of Tokyo Gakugei University and Reiko Kimura of the Japan External Trade Organization. Pitman tests: Glyn Jones of City and Guilds, London. Cambridge ESOL tests: Dr Mike Milanovic of Cambridge ESOL. Table on page 101: reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press f rom Oxford Applied Linguistics: Fundamental Considerations in Language Testi ng by Lyle F Bachman ©Lyle F Bachman 1990. Finally, I would like to thank Professor Cyril Weir who read various par ts of the book and offered invaluable critical comments and advice. ix xSeries EditorsÕnote
The language testing world has flirted with the testing of English for s pecific purposes for many years. In small scale testing contexts there have been and continue to be numerous specific assessments tailored to particular need s but in the context of large scale international language testing, specific purp ose assess- ments have been far less common. Cambridge ESOL started testing English in 1913. In some ways you might consider the original Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE) a sp ecific purpose examination designed to meet the needs of those teaching English although over the years it has become far more general in its emphasis. Cambridge ESOL also collaborated with the British Council on the devel- opment of the English Language Testing Service (ELTS) in the 1970s whi ch had six subject specific modules. IELTS, which evolved from ELTS in 1990, sa w a reduction in the academic modules to 3 and the 1995 revision of IELTS le d to the single academic module alongside a general training variant. There are many reasons for this retreat by IELTS, both practical and theoretical. Developing numerous multiple modules in the quantities requ ired was a far from easy task. Ensuring that candidates took the right module was difficult. Equating modules proved technically very demanding. Ensuring content appropriateness required access to experts in a number of fields and so on. However, the need to extend the remit of General English assessment remains. The context of Cambridge ESOL English language assessment currently falls into four broad categories. Academic English (IELTS),Business
English (BEC and BULATS), Young Learners' English (YLE) and Gener al English (KET, PET, FCE, CAE, CPE and CELS) and in 2006 Cambridge ESOL will launch the International Legal English Certificate. This test seeks to address more specifically English in the legal domain of use. In Issues in testing business English, Barry O'Sullivan provides a framework for classifying and understanding specific purpose language assessment. The first part of the volume provides the reader with a comprehensive review of numerous business English tests as well as business language tests in ot her languages. Some of the tests described no longer exist so the volume als o serves as a useful historical record. This is followed by a detailed look at th e revision of the Cambridge Business English Certificates (BEC). Chapter 1 considers the relationship between general English and English for specific purposes and the definition of a business English construct. O'Sullivan
presents a continuum ranging from an unspecified purpose to one that is highly xi specified. To this he adds construct, test method, skills coverage measu rement qualities, degree of specificity/authenticity, non language factors and the reporting of test performance. This provides him with a framework for comparison and he proceeds to evaluate a series of business language tes ts on this basis. Particular attention is paid to some very widely used tests such as TOEIC, BULATS and BEC although the coverage of less widely known assess- ments is comprehensive. The text is illustrated with numerous examples o f test item types which make interesting reading. Having provided a detailed context against which to understand BEC, subs e- quent chapters consider BEC's revision and look in detail at each of the three BEC levels. The discussion of development methodology is interesting as is the focus on test reliability. It is gratifying to note that an examination like BEC, operating on a truncated sample of the test taking population at each of its three levels, demonstrating very good construct and content validity features and using a good variety of realistic material with an authentic orientation , can nonetheless achieve respectably high reliability estimates. Throughout t his volume readers are referred to Volume 15 (Weir, Cyril and Milanovic, Mi chael (Eds) (2003) Continuity and innovation: Revising the Cambridge Profi ciency in English Examination 1913 - 2002 ) in the same series which gives an even more detailed account of the principles that underline the Cambridge approach to test development and validation. The appendix has a comprehensive set of BEC materials but is complemented by a focus on two other tests, the Certifi cate in English as a Foreign Language for Secretaries and the Certificates in En glish for International Business and Trade which informed the development of BEC b ut are no longer available. The final chapter is particularly important as it discusses in some deta il the issue of authenticity and its relationship to the specificity continuumquotesdbs_dbs43.pdfusesText_43[PDF] agence architecture paris stage PDF Cours,Exercices ,Examens
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