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Sebastiaan

Loosen

SHAPING SOCIAL COMMI

TMENT

ARCHITECTURE

AND INT

ELLECTUALITY

IN THE 1970S

AND 80S

November

2019

ARENBERG DOCTORAL SCHOOL

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Kasteelpark Arenberg 1 box 2431

B-3001 HEVERLEE, BELGIUM

tel. + 32 16 32 1361 sebastiaan.loosen@kuleuven.be architecture.kuleuven.be

Shaping Social

Commitment

Architecture and Intellectuality

in 80s

Sebastiaan Loosen

Dissertation presented in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering

Science (PhD): Architecture

November 2019

Supervisor:

Prof. Hilde Heynen

Co-supervisors:

Prof. Rajesh Heynickx

Prof. Yves Schoonjans

SHAPING SOCIAL COMMITMENT

ARCHITECTURE AND INTELLECTUALITY IN

Sebastiaan LOOSEN

Dissertation presented in

partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of

Engineering Science

(PhD): Architecture

November 2019

Supervisor:

Prof. Hilde Heynen

Co-supervisors:

Prof. Rajesh Heynickx

Prof. Yves Schoonjans

Members of the Examination Committee:

Prof. Patrick Wollants (chair)

Prof. David Vanderburgh

Prof. Filip Mattens

Prof. Krista De Jonge

Prof. Hélène Jannière

Prof. Helena Mattsson

© 2019 SEBASTIAAN LOOSEN

Uitgegeven in eigen beheer, Leuven

All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm, electronic or

any other means without written permission from the publisher.

Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden door

middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm, elektronisch of op welke andere wijze ook zonder voorafgaandelijke schriftelijke

toestemming van de uitgever.

Page 1 of 400

Acknowledgements

This dissertation has been made possible through the financial and institutional support of the Research Foundation ± Flanders (FWO), the Department of Architecture, and the Faculties of Engineering Science and of Architecture of the KU Leuven. I thank all of them for this support and for the trust they placed in my work. Throughout the past five years, I have been able to discuss at various occasions parts of this research in various stages of its completion with many knowledgeable persons, of which I would like to thank explicitly Maarten Delbeke, Isabelle Doucet, Arindam Dutta, Christoph Grafe, Hélène Jannière, Maarten Loopmans, Helena Mattsson, Ákos Moravánszky, Angelika Schnell, Paolo Scrivano, and Bart Verschaffel for their insightful comments. study in the stimulating environment created by a continuous series of research which I particularly have to thank chieftains Fredie Floré and Rajesh Heynickx. Our spontaneous, self-managed, no-professors-allowed local architectural theory PhD allowing to test out early, wobbly hypotheses, exchanging practical tips, and getting those first drafts out to be meticulously read by the keen eyes of my colleagues Elke Couchez, Eva Weyns, Florencia Fernandez Cardoso, Ying Wang, Gerlinde Verhaeghe, I thank my many colleagues at the department for the numerous discussions, coffee talks, and joyful events ± and especially those with whom I have had the pleasure to share our office, Florencia, Ying, Alessandra, Wouter Bervoets, Susan Galavan, Rogério Rezende, Youngji Kang, Fátima Teixeira Pombo, Anamica Singh, Tam extra big thumbs up for helping to mask the clumsiness of my English at various occasions. Sterken for taking the time to discuss various aspects of my work; Karen Allacker and into academic research; Thomas Coomans for the pleasant coffee conversations; the architecture in 2005; Willemijne Linssen in particular for her bridging role in the

Page 2 of 400

department; and Delphine Ramon and the many other noble representatives who invest much of their valuable research time working behind the scenes for their colleagues. Much of this research would not have been possible without the excellent libraries and librarians of our university across its many campuses. Especially the librarians of the

2Bergen Campus Arenberg will be glad to know that this person who kept asking for all

that 1970-80s stuff that had to be brought up from their basement, finally completed his dissertation. Likewise, numerous contact persons at various archives have been crucial ± without these often proactive gatekeepers of history, much of history would be inaccessible: Irene Lund (ULB - La Cambre Horta), Régine Carpentier (ENSAV-La Cambre), Ellen Van Impe (CVAa), Wim Lowet (VAi), Patricia Quaghebeur (KADOC), Frans Damen (Passionists), Laura Calders (MaHS-MaUSP), Sergio Figueiredo (TU/e), and Brecht Bostyn (Fotomuseum). I also applaud all the noble heroes entering painstakingly detailed data about unindexed journals and various institutional information into the VIOE and ODIS databases. One particular archival gatekeeper that I would like to thank is the anonymous fungus in our departmental archives ± without him or her, the abundance of easily accessible PGCHS material on a two minute walk from my office would probably have caused another year of delay to finish that chapter. indebted to Maurice Culot, André Loeckx, and bOb Van Reeth for sharing their recollections of long-ago days, while time has brought them new and sometimes more exciting challenges to talk about then the questions that I had in store for them. Francis Strauven, Peter Bongaerts, Evert Lagrou, Paul Vermeulen, and Filiep Decorte all generously accepted to long interviews about their peers. Those interviews have been more important in developing a historical understanding than the explicit references in the footnotes suggest. I thank Jan Vanrie, Sylvain De Bleeckere, and Nico Nelissen for their correspondence on Sieg Vlaeminck; Marcello Balbo, Patrick Wakely, Geoffrey Payne, Joana Cameira, Jim Kennedy, Asiya Sadiq, Johannes Widodo, and Bruno Dercon for their correspondence on the PGCHS; Mathias Lievens and Daria Bocharnikova for lending their expertise on Marxism, and Raf De Bont for his on ecological thinking.

Page 3 of 400

David Vanderburgh and Filip Mattens, of my extended supervisory committee, functioned as critical benchmarks, and I thank them for their patience in listening to me reiterating the underlying hypotheses and research questions time and again. bright minds in our five-headed project team. Elke Couchez was my invaluable partner in crime throughout this project. As our vanguard, working a year ahead of me, she ventured into the unknown of a broadly sketched out research program and in many ways paved the way for me, whilst simultaneously setting the bar high with her organisational and planning skills, innovative research methodologies, and cleverly devised narrative structures. As a delightfully complementary team, we managed to accomplish things that without each other probably would have been unthinkable ± most notably our conference History, 196X-199X: Challenges in the

Historiography of Architectural Knowledge.

Co-supervisors Rajesh Heynickx and Yves Schoonjans kept me on track and offered on a regular basis refreshing stimuli, by encouraging to explore new perspectives, pointing to insightful literature, and consistently bringing the broader picture to mind. I feel privileged to have had Hilde Heynen as a particularly wise guide and personal mentor along this trajectory. Through her vast knowledge of architectural theory, her warm and considerate character, her talent of constructively drawing out the essential in a text or discussion, and with only half a word needed to understand each other, she formed a perfect sparring partner crucial in shaping my often inarticulate thoughts on the subject, and in putting everything into perspective. choice ± but in showing each year again, in the ever-changing course µ0RGHUQLW\DQG evolving and expanding field, continuously pushing its limits in trying to make sense out of the complexity of everyday life. Without being able to participate in this course and the ongoing process which is theory, the outcome of this study would have been a And lastly, I thank friends, family, and housemates for their support ± as well as for when wrapping up this study on social commitment.

Page 5 of 400

Summary

The overall research question that guides this dissertation, together with that of my colleague Elke Couchez, revolves around the formative years of architectural theory in Flanders. What conditions allowed architectural theory to mature into a self-aware and recognized discipline in the 1980s and 1990s? field, it contains many voices in a panoply of discursive settings where architecture is context, this dissertation focuses on 4 contexts where socially committed protagonists for various reasons sought to give shape to their commitment in their thinking about architecture. How to think about architecture as a service to society? Key in this study is the appreciation of the 1970s as a decade where architecture definitively lost its previously unshakeable beliefs in modernist principles and was more touchstone of this search. In the quest of trying to articulate their social engagement in one form of thinking about architecture or another, the 1970s were not merely years of knowledge, 4 cases are elaborated and placed within their historical logic, each in itself implying a genuine form of intellectuality aiming to serve society.

Case 1: Brussels based e

With Maurice Culot as pivotal figure, socialist ideals, a historicist formal language, urban activism, and international networking come together in a deliberate and diverse publication strategy.

Case 2: Sociologist-urbanist Sieg Vlaeminck

Sociologist arguments, an environmental mindset, participation ideals, and the effects of secularization come together in a series of small book reviews in a

Flemish newspaper.

Case 3: The Leuven based Post Graduate Centre Human Settlementsimport of form. With Han Verschure and André Loeckx as pivotal figures, a fledgling academic ³GHYHORSPHQW´FRQWH[WSRVW-structuralist theory, and a defense of the socio- spatial nature of form come together a UN mandated training program on

Page 6 of 400

Case 4: bOb Van Reeth & Geert Bekaerts postulate of the real. With Van Reeth, Bekaert and Mil De Kooning as pivotal figures, architectural history, such as phenomenology or critical theory, this dissertation focuses on the specific historical and cultural conditions that were crucial in shaping architectural theory as we know it today. Though situated in Belgium and Flanders, many of these conditions resembled those in other Western European countries.

Page 7 of 400

Samenvatting

Vorm geven aan maatschappelijk engagement. Architectuur denken in de jaren De overkoepelende vraag van deze dissertatie, alsook die van mijn collega Elke Couchez, betreft de beginjaren van architectuurtheorie in Vlaanderen. Welke factoren zorgden ervoor dat architectuurtheorie is kunnen uitgroeien tot een zelfbewuste en een heel uiteenlopend veld, dat vele stemmen bevat, in een veelheid aan omgevingen de pedagogische context, focust deze dissertatie op 4 contexten waar maatschappelijk geëngageerde protagonisten, om uiteenlopende redenen, trachtten vorm te geven aan hun engagement in hun denken over architectuur. Hoe denk je architectuur als een uiting van maatschappelijk engagement? waar architectuur voorgoed haar eerdere, onwrikbare geloof in modernistische principes verloor en meer dan ooit op zoek was naar haar eigen begrippenkader. Voor het zoeken naar hun maatschappelijk engagement op één of andere manier vorm te vorm heeft gegeven aan een ontluikende architectuurcultuur in de daaropvolgende hun historische context geplaatst, waarbij elk van hen, op zichzelf genomen, een oprechte vorm van denken impliceert, ten dienste gesteld aan de maatschappij. Case 1: De Brusselse ecture Moderne en hun socialistische claim. Met Maurice Culot als spilfiguur, komen socialistische idealen, een historicistische vormentaal, stadsactivisme, en internationale netwerken, tesamen in een bewuste en veelzijdige publicatiestrategie. Case 2: Socioloog-urbanist Sieg Vlaemincks pleidooi voor woonecologie. Sociologische argumenten, een opkomend milieubewustzijn, participatie- idealen, en de naweeën van de secularisering, komen tesamen in een reeks korte boekbesprekingen in een Vlaamse krant.

Page 8 of 400

Case 3: Het Leuvense Post Graduate Centre Human Settlements en het belang van vorm. Met Han Verchure en André Loeckx als sleutelfiguren, komen een ontluikende academische wereld, een wereldverbredende impuls in de blik naar het zuiden in de ontwikkelingscontext, poststructuralistische theorie, en het verdedigen van de socio-ruimtelijke aspecten van vorm, tesamen in een door de VN Case 4: bOb Van Reeth & Geert Bekaerts postulaat van het werkelijke. Met Van Reeth, Bekaert en Mil De Kooning als sleutelfiguren, komen architectuurkritiek en de figuur van de criticus, de autonomie van architectuur, een diepgaande reflectie op de werkelijkheid, en een ongemak ten opzichte van taal, tesamen in de intellectuele energie die Bekaerts investeerde in Van geschiedenis van architectuurtheorie te bespreken, zoals fenomenologie en kritische theorie, legt deze dissertatie de nadruk op de specifieke historische en culturele factoren die cruciaal waren in het totstandkomen van architectuurtheorie zoals we die vandaag kennen. Hoewel het zich afspeelt in België en Vlaanderen, zijn vele van deze factoren evenzeer te herkennen in andere westerse Europese landen.

Page 9 of 400

Recurring acronyms

AA Architectural Association School of Architecture (London) AAM (Archives of Modern Architecture ± Brussels)

ARAU Atelier de Recherche et

(Workshop of Urban Research and Action ± Brussels) CIAM Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (International Congresses of Modern Architecture)

DPU Development Planning Unit (London)

ENSAAV École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture et des Arts Visuels de La Cambre (National School for Higher Education of Architecture and Visual Arts ± Brussels) HABRI Housing and Building Research Institute (Nairobi) HRDU Housing Research and Development Unit (Nairobi)

IHS Institute for Housing Studies (Rotterdam)

INERBA

(National Institute of Studies and Research on Building ± Algiers)

KUL Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

(Catholic University Leuven) MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge) NHIBS Nationaal Hoger Instituut voor Bouwkunst en Stedebouw (National Higher Institute for Architecture and Urbanism ± Antwerp) PGCHS Post Graduate Centre Human Settlements (at KUL) PHIA Provinciaal Hoger Instituut voor Architectuur (Provincial Higher Institute for Architecture ± Hasselt)

SAR Stichting Architecten Research

(Foundation for Architects Research)

UCL Université Catholique de Louvain

(Catholic University of Louvain)

UN United Nations

UNCHBP UN Centre for Housing, Building and Planning UNCHS UN Centre for Human Settlements (Nairobi, a.k.a. UN-Habitat)

UNITAR UN Institute for Training and Research

WAGT Werkgroep Architectuurgeschiedenis en -theorie (Workgroup Architectural History and Theory ± at KUL)

Page 11 of 400

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 1

SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................. 5

SAMENVATTING .................................................................................................................................... 7

RECURRING ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................ 9

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ 11

INTRODUCTION. COMMITTED TO THOUGHT ....................................................................................... 15

§ Architecture in search of its own terms.......................................................................................... 15

§ Building in Belgium, c. 1970 ........................................................................................................... 20

1. Caveat Bekaert ................................................................................................................................... 20

2. Postwar historiography ...................................................................................................................... 22

3. Between apology and revisionism ..................................................................................................... 28

4. Signs of a bygone era ......................................................................................................................... 32

§ Thinking in Belgium, 1970s-1980s.................................................................................................. 36

2. Theory's history ................................................................................................................................. 42

3. Committed to thought ....................................................................................................................... 45

§ Crossroads of Europe, crossroads of intellectuality ....................................................................... 52

1. Power ................................................................................................................................................. 54

2. Science ............................................................................................................................................... 58

3. Form .................................................................................................................................................. 61

4. The Real ............................................................................................................................................. 66

Figures ............................................................................................................................................... 71

CHAPTER I. ARCHIVES D'ARCHITECTURE MODERNE & THE CLAIM ON SOCIALISM ............................... 81

§ The Brussels triumvirate, 1969-1979 ............................................................................................. 84

§ Archiving history, c. 1969 ............................................................................................................... 91

§ Launching a journal, c. 1975 .......................................................................................................... 96

§ Culot-Bodson: Editorial portraits .................................................................................................... 99

§ Editorial theory ............................................................................................................................. 102

§ Socialist cities, 1976-1978 ............................................................................................................ 105

Page 12 of 400

§ Culot-Braem: Socialist architectures ............................................................................................ 113

§ The Soviet avant-garde and the socialist realist debate .............................................................. 119

§ Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 125

Figures ............................................................................................................................................. 127

CHAPTER II. SIEG VLAEMINCK & THE PLEA FOR SCIENCE .................................................................... 145

§ Passionist times ............................................................................................................................ 149

§ Christian existentialism ................................................................................................................ 155

§ Philosophies of dwelling ............................................................................................................... 159

§ Dwelling ecology .......................................................................................................................... 162

§ Environment ................................................................................................................................. 173

§ Architecture environment ............................................................................................................ 177

§ Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 180

Figures ............................................................................................................................................. 183

CHAPTER III. THE POST GRADUATE CENTRE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS & THE IMPORT OF FORM .......... 191

§ Human Settlements on the agenda.............................................................................................. 197

§ Training for Human Settlements .................................................................................................. 199

§ The Leuven PGCHS ....................................................................................................................... 205

§ Target scope, target group .......................................................................................................... 217

§ Form, Institutions, Resources ....................................................................................................... 220

§ Theory in development ................................................................................................................. 223

§ WAGT and the urge for theory ..................................................................................................... 227

§ Critical revision of modernism ...................................................................................................... 230

§ A semantic-praxiological approach .............................................................................................. 233

§ The import of form ....................................................................................................................... 237

§ The city as a housing project ........................................................................................................ 241

§ Nairobi, Bangkok .......................................................................................................................... 244

Page 13 of 400

§ A double bind ............................................................................................................................... 247

§ Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 251

Figures ............................................................................................................................................. 255

CHAPTER IV. BOB VAN REETH/GEERT BEKAERT & THE POSTULATE OF THE REAL ............................... 273

§ An incubation period, c. 1975-1985 ............................................................................................. 275

§ bOb Van Reeth, the paradigmatic architect................................................................................. 280

§ Approaching the real .................................................................................................................... 285

§ The critic in the limelight .............................................................................................................. 288

§ Krokus and the challenge of representation ................................................................................ 294

§ Postulating the real ...................................................................................................................... 297

§ Realisms ....................................................................................................................................... 300

§ Realist poetics .............................................................................................................................. 305

§ A poetic criticism .......................................................................................................................... 312

§ Commonplace .............................................................................................................................. 315

§ Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 318

Figures ............................................................................................................................................. 323

CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 333

Α Theory's history (bis) .................................................................................................................... 333

§ Narrative, pressure points, and tools for leverage ....................................................................... 336

§ Shaping social commitment (times four) ..................................................................................... 339

§ Architecture, intellectuality, and social commitment .................................................................. 344

Figure .............................................................................................................................................. 351

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. 353

SOURCES ............................................................................................................................................ 363

1.Archives ........................................................................................................................................ 363

2.Interviews ..................................................................................................................................... 363

3.Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 364

AUTHORSHIP & EARLIER TEXTS .......................................................................................................... 399

Page 14 of 400

Volume of Annexes

ANNEX 1. Full bibliography of Sieg Vlaeminck ................................................................................................

ANNEX 2. Interview Francis Strauven .............................................................................................................

ANNEX 3. Interview Han Verschure ................................................................................................................

ANNEX 4. Interview André Loeckx ..................................................................................................................

Introduction. Committed to Thought Page 15 of 400

Introduction. Committed to Thought

§ Architecture in search of its own terms

Architecture is not a mathematical science, it is an art whose rules seem vague, and which appears to be only responding to our personal, aesthetic taste. But through my contacts with architects, I have learned that this only appears to be the case.1

Robert Maskens, April 15th, 1977

In a letter to an unnamed editor-in-chief, Robert Maskens, an engineer who established a firm in electrical heating and ventilation systems, tried to explain why he had brought an annual architecture prize into being five years earlier, in 1972. He wrote that through his professional activities, he came to notice that the wider public, himself included, didthe criteria that were used to decide what makes up good architecture. But also that his professional contacts with architects convinced him that even in absence of clear criteria, they were not acting on purely subjective grounds. Hence, further in his letter, he expressed the hope that the Robert Maskens Prize for Architecture could instigate an open debate on exactly those criteria with which architecture are evaluated.

Even if

unambiguous and univocal answer across history, there are reasons to believe that the fact, his letter was written in the midst of a particular course of events that is worth recapitulating as it vividly captures the fundamental, historical challenges this dissertation aims to address.

1 -in-

1994],

n.p., § on, italics added. geen wiskundige wetenschap, het is een kunst waarvan de regels vaag lijken en die enkel weerklank lijkt te geven aan onze persoonlijke, esthetische smaak. Juist door mijn contacten met archite

Page 16 of 400 Introduction. Committed to Thought

the Prize as serving a discussion on as undoubtedly provoked by the recent decision of the jury not to award a prize for the 1976 edition. Out of the 66 entries, three projects were singled out for a special mention, but neither of them was considered to be worthy a prize. The jury report motivating that decision caused quite some public and professional consternation for being surprisingly brief and not entirely convincing.2 In contrast to the lengthy jury reports of preceding years, the 1976 report was limited to two sentences per project, highlighting very divergent aspects: the first project was lauded for its integration in the rural landscape, but was not considered to be a real innovation; the second was lauded for the non- composition, but was deemed not practical enough; and the third was lauded for its sensitive use of contemporary materials and the eye for detail, but was apparently

After these brief appreciations, the report

Despite their undeniable qualities, in the eyes of the jury, unfortunately none of the three mentioned realisations had sufficient architectural significance to 3 The disputed decision of the jury led the journal A+ architectural journal at the time, to organize a round-table discussion with several key

2 In the 1976 edition, the (annually changing) five-headed jury consisted of architect André

Jacqmain (1921-2014) acting as chair; Jean Barthélemy (1932-2016), architect and professor in architectural history at the Faculté Polytechnique de Mons [Polytechnical Faculty of Mons]; Albert Bontridder (1921-2015), architect, critic and poet; Willy Van der Meeren (1923-2002), architect; and Bob Van Reeth (born 1943), architect.

3 -. [1977], 26.

Ondanks hun onbetwistbare kwaliteiten had, jammer genoeg, geen enkele van de vermelde drie realisaties in de ogen van de jury een voldoende architecturale betekenis om de toekenning van een prijs te rechtvaardigen.

Introduction. Committed to Thought Page 17 of 400

protagonists, including jury members, to reflect on the situation (Fig. 1).4 It turned out to be a soul-searching conversation that encapsulates well the state of architectural discussion in Belgium in the 1970s. The conversation made clear that the Prize was not awarded due to a lack of quality of the entries, but that the brevity of the jury report as well as its divergent argumentation were symptomatic of the jury members not being able to agree on the criteria with which to evaluate architecture. Jury member Jean Barthélemy (1932-2016) most aptly laid his finger on the sore spot: [I] would like to stress that ( certainly not worse than the preceding years. But what might be true, is that a jury such as ours, was much more conscious of the complexity of the task of architecture. A few years ago, the jury might have been satisfied with a couple of architecture. the tragedy of such a prize: the jury members are probably more than ever conscious of the requirement that an architectural act is essentially related to the totality of societal life. Hence neither the traditional aesthetic criteria, nor the technological norms, will do.5

4 A+, no. 40 (July-August

1977): 2536. The participants of the discussions were: sociologist, urbanist and writer

Sieg Vlaeminck (1933-2011), acting as moderator; the jury members Barthélemy and Van Reeth; Mic Billet (born 1938), sociologist and teacher at Nationaal Hoger Instituut voor Bouwkunst en Stedebouw (NHIBS, National Higher Institute for Architecture and Urbanism), Antwerp; Georges Baines (1925-2013), architect and professor in architectural design at NHIBS; Pierre Jeandrain, organizer of the Maskens Prize; Jean-Pierre Houyet, organizer of a comparable prize, the Eternit Prize; and Jan Tanghe (1929-2003), architect, urbanist, writer, co-founder of Groep Planning and professor in urbanism at Faculté

Polytechnique de Mons.

5 Ibid., 27. wat de pers terzake ook over onze

beslissing geschreven heft het gemiddelde peil van wat er gepresenteerd werd, in ieder geval niet minder goed lag dan vorige jaren. Wat misschien wel waar is, is dat een jury als de onze, zich veel sterker bewust was van de kompleksiteit van de architektuuropgave. wellicht meer dan ooit bewust van de eis dat een architekturale daad wezenlijk verband houdt met de totaliteit van het maatschappelijk leven. Bijgevolg komen we er niet met de traditionele esthetische kriteria

Page 18 of 400 Introduction. Committed to Thought

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