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C 41/1999 Actions de l'UPU visant à l'extension des systèmes électroniques (Documents du Congrès de Lausanne 1974 -Tome II: pages 974 à 978).
INVENTAIRE DES ARCHIVES DE LA GUERRE SÉRIE N 1920-1940
Tome 4 - Sous-séries 21 N à 25 N - Corps d'armées divisions
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30 sept. 2019 (1er octobre 2018 – 30 septembre 2019). RAPPORT présenté à M. LE PRÉSIDENT DU SÉNAT par. Bertrand FOLLIN. Directeur de la Séance. TOME II.
No. 31363 (continued- suite) MULTILATERAL United Nations
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La revue Prescrire • Décembre 2021 • Tome 41 N° 458 • Page 935-2 et rénaux (n° 194 p. ... un antagoniste de l'angio tensine II (alias sartan) n'est.
The Journal of Rheumatology Volume 41 no. 2 Reviews and
1 déc. 2013 194. The Journal of Rheumatology 2014; 41:2; doi:10.3899/jrheum.121306 ... GRADEProfiler software31 is now shown on the first page.
The Journal of Rheumatology Volume 41 no. 2 Reviews and
8 janv. 2015 194. The Journal of Rheumatology 2014; 41:2; doi:10.3899/jrheum.121306 ... GRADEProfiler software31 is now shown on the first page.
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Key Indexing Terms:
From the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group (CMSG), Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Supported through a grant from the Canadian Institutes of HealthResearch.
E.A.T. Ghogomu, MD, MSc, Assistant Managing Editor; L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Managing Editor, CMSG, University of Ottawa; R. Buchbinder, MBBS (Hons), MSc, PhD, FRACP, Director, Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Hospital, Malvern VIC, Australia, and Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, and Joint Coordinating Editor, CMSG; T. Rader, MLIS, Knowledge Translation Specialist, CMSG, University of Ottawa; J. Pardo Pardo, BA, Research Coordinator, Centre for Global Health, University of Ottawa; R.V. Johnston, PhD, Managing Editor, CMSG, Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Hospital, Monash University; R.D.K. Christensen, BSc, MSc, PhD, Senior Biostatistician, Head of Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, CopenhagenUniversity Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen,Denmark; A.W.S. Rutjes, PhD, senior research fellow, Institute of Social
and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; T.M. Winzenberg, MBBS, PhD, FRACGP, MMedSc(ClinEpi), Senior Research Fellow-General Practice at Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia; J.A. Singh, MBBS, MPH, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Associate Professor, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA; G. Zanoli, MD, PhD, Casa di Cura SM Maddalena, University of Ferrara Occhiobello, Ferrara, Italy; G.A. Wells, PhD, Professor of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa; P. Tugwell, MD, MSc, FRCPC, FCAHS, Canada Research Chair, Professor of Medicine, and Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; Principal Scientist, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, Senior Scientist, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Joint Coordinating Editor, CMSG. Address correspondence to Dr. E.A.T. Ghogomu, 1 Stewart St., Ottawa,Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada. E-mail: cmsg@uottawa.ca
Accepted for publication August 7, 2013.
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of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 195Ghogomu, et al: Cochrane systematic review methods quantitative and where appropri ate include met aanalysis, but now can include c omplementary qual itative data to address context and syntheses of how interventions work.
The Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group (CMSG), one of
the la rgest of the 53 interna ti onal revie w groups in the Cochrane Collaboration, synthesizes the results of existing studies of appropriate "fit-for-purpose" designs to determine the benefit and harm of interventions for the prevention, treatment, and managem ent of musculoskeletal disea se s including various forms of arthritis, soft tissue conditions, and ost eoporosis. Conditions specif ic to the back and musculoskeletal injuries are addre ssed by the Cochrane Back Group (http:/ /back.cochrane.org) and the Cochrane Bone, Joint, and Muscle Trauma Group (http://bjmtg.coch- rane.org), respectively. As of Is sue 2, 2013, there are 160 completed CMSG reviews and 88 protoc ols i n t he Cochrane Dat abase of Systematic Reviews, with its own impact factor of 6.471. The rigorous , system atic approach used by Cochrane reviews aims to provide a definitive statement on the effects of healthcare treatments. This is useful when there are no other systematic reviews but may also help clarify confusion arising from si ngle s tudies or syste matic reviews w ith conflicting results.The 2011 updated Cochrane Handbook for Systematic
Reviews of Interventions
5 reflects major methods advances; this has now been complemented by a set of essential and desirable methodological standards for Cochrane systematic reviews endorsed a t the 2011 M adrid Cochrane Collo- quium 6 . The methods have changed substantively since our original methods guidance paper published in 2006 7Although the updated Cochrane Handbook is compre-
hensive and easily accessible, its size is daunting to new authors and a number of review groups have found it helpful to tailor a short summary for their clinical area8,9,10,11,12
This tailored guidance is in alignment with the Cochrane Handbook and should improve consistency among authors and thus facilitate comparison across reviews. Many cl inicians and their patient s find it difficul t to master the key features of systematic reviews and commu- nicate the key issues to each other and to others such as family members. This paper will help the reader master the key features. The companion article will provide a primer on options for tra nsl ating results from CMSG reviews into "usable" and "useful" formats with the advent of summary of findings tables, podcasts, videos, decision aids, phone apps, and cloud technology 13 These guidelines, prepared by the CMSG editors (who have a co mbin ation of clinical, knowl edge t ranslation, methods and sta tistics expertise), are intend ed to complement the handbook and not to subs titut e for t he handbook. W e will use specific example s from muscu- loskeletal reviews to illustrate recommendations from the handbook.Defining the question.First, the research question needs to
be clearly formulated using the "PICOS" framework, i.e., a clinically relevant or policy-relevant question that takes into account the pat ient/popula tion, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design, and includes both the benefit and harm of the intervention being studied. Priority topics for new and updated reviews have been identified by CMSG editors and consumers based on criteria including the burden of disease, equity, identification of new interventions, number of new studies, and frequency of access for existing reviews. Literature search and study selection.The complete search strategy for each database searched is defined a prioriand is documented in the review appendices with the date so that the sea rch can be dup licated 14,15 . T he searc h strategy frequently needs tailoring to the topic, so it is re viewed before implem entation by the CMSG Trial Sea rch Coordinator and pe er revi ewed by i nformation science specialists using the PRESS checkli st (Pee r Review ofElectronic Search Strategies)
16 It i s recomm ended that, at a mi nimum, the fol lowing databases and trial registe rs be search ed: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTR AL), ClinicalTrials.go v, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trial Registry Platform portal. In addition, we recommend checking the references in identified relevant systematic reviews and individual studies th at meet the revi ew"s inclu sion criteria. For systematic reviews of drugs, authors should search for ad verse ef fects in Website s of regulatory authorities such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) 17 . F or examp le, the FDA Websit e contai ns important trial and observational study data on tubercu- losis and f ungal in fections from the use of biologics, which were included in the Cochrane and BMJ reviews on biologics overview and network metaan alysis 18,19 . T he Trial Search Coordinator may suggest additional sources, such as conference abstracts from ACR and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), depending on the topic. We do not recommend excluding trials in languages other than English 20 . Some topics such as studies of the effects of medicinal plants may have a significant number of trials published in anot her la nguage and the CMSG can ass ist with translation when necessary. Two people should independently screen the titles and abstracts from the results of the searches for the selection of trials meeting the predefined inclusion criteria. The full text of those articles that appear to meet the inclusion criteria should then be obtained and assessed for eligibility. Those full-text studies that do not meet the inclus ion crite ria should be added to the Table of Excluded Studies and a reason provided for their exclusion.Personal non-commercial use only. The Journal of Rheumatology Copyright © 2014. All rights reserved.
of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 196The Journal of Rheumatology 2014; 41:2; doi:10.3899/jrheum.121306
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,=:%+ 688:EIH HJGGD<6I:DJI8DB :H>;DI=:G of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 197
Ghogomu, et al: Cochrane systematic review methods Figure 1.Summary of findings table
32
. DMARD: disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; ACR: American College of Rheumatology; HAQ: Health Assessment
Questionnaire; DAS: Disease Activity Score; RR: risk ratio; NNT: number needed to treat; SAE: severe adverse events; n/a: not applicable; LTE: longterm
extension; GRADE: Grading of Recommendation Assessment Development and Evaluation. From Maxwell L, Singh JA. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2009(4):CD007277; with permission.
Personal non-commercial use only. The Journal of Rheumatology Copyright © 2014. All rights reserved.
of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 198
The Journal of Rheumatology 2014; 41:2; doi:10.3899/jrheum.121306 06BC?>3;>?> 4?<<6B4:3;EC6?>;G%296/?EB>3;?7196E<3D?;?8G.?AGB:89DH*(),%-;;B:89DCB6C6BF65%
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,=:%+ 688:EIH HJGGD<6I:DJI8DB :H>;DI=:G of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 197
Ghogomu, et al: Cochrane systematic review methods Figure 1.Summary of findings table
32
. DMARD: disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; ACR: American College of Rheumatology; HAQ: Health Assessment
Questionnaire; DAS: Disease Activity Score; RR: risk ratio; NNT: number needed to treat; SAE: severe adverse events; n/a: not applicable; LTE: longterm
extension; GRADE: Grading of Recommendation Assessment Development and Evaluation. From Maxwell L, Singh JA. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2009(4):CD007277; with permission.
Personal non-commercial use only. The Journal of Rheumatology Copyright © 2014. All rights reserved.
of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 198
The Journal of Rheumatology 2014; 41:2; doi:10.3899/jrheum.121306 06BC?>3;>?> 4?<<6B4:3;EC6?>;G%296/?EB>3;?7196E<3D?;?8G.?AGB:89DH*(),%-;;B:89DCB6C6BF65%
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Ghogomu, et al: Cochrane systematic review methods Figure 1.Summary of findings table
32
. DMARD: disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; ACR: American College of Rheumatology; HAQ: Health Assessment
Questionnaire; DAS: Disease Activity Score; RR: risk ratio; NNT: number needed to treat; SAE: severe adverse events; n/a: not applicable; LTE: longterm
extension; GRADE: Grading of Recommendation Assessment Development and Evaluation. From Maxwell L, Singh JA. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2009(4):CD007277; with permission.
Personal non-commercial use only. The Journal of Rheumatology Copyright © 2014. All rights reserved.
of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 198
The Journal of Rheumatology 2014; 41:2; doi:10.3899/jrheum.121306 06BC?>3;>?> 4?<<6B4:3;EC6?>;G%296/?EB>3;?7196E<3D?;?8G.?AGB:89DH*(),%-;;B:89DCB6C6BF65%
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,=:%+ 688:EIH HJGGD<6I:DJI8DB :H>;DI=:G of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 197
Ghogomu, et al: Cochrane systematic review methods Figure 1.Summary of findings table
32
. DMARD: disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; ACR: American College of Rheumatology; HAQ: Health Assessment
Questionnaire; DAS: Disease Activity Score; RR: risk ratio; NNT: number needed to treat; SAE: severe adverse events; n/a: not applicable; LTE: longterm
extension; GRADE: Grading of Recommendation Assessment Development and Evaluation. From Maxwell L, Singh JA. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2009(4):CD007277; with permission.
Personal non-commercial use only. The Journal of Rheumatology Copyright © 2014. All rights reserved.
of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 198
The Journal of Rheumatology 2014; 41:2; doi:10.3899/jrheum.121306 06BC?>3;>?> 4?<<6B4:3;EC6?>;G%296/?EB>3;?7196E<3D?;?8G.?AGB:89DH*(),%-;;B:89DCB6C6BF65%
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,=:%+ 688:EIH HJGGD<6I:DJI8DB :H>;DI=:G of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 197Ghogomu, et al: Cochrane systematic review methods
Figure 1.Summary of findings table
32. DMARD: disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; ACR: American College of Rheumatology; HAQ: Health Assessment
Questionnaire; DAS: Disease Activity Score; RR: risk ratio; NNT: number needed to treat; SAE: severe adverse events; n/a: not applicable; LTE: longterm
extension; GRADE: Grading of Recommendation Assessment Development and Evaluation. From Maxwell L, Singh JA. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2009(4):CD007277; with permission.
Personal non-commercial use only. The Journal of Rheumatology Copyright © 2014. All rights reserved.
of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 198The Journal of Rheumatology 2014; 41:2; doi:10.3899/jrheum.121306
06BC?>3;>?> 4?<<6B4:3;EC6?>;G%296/?EB>3;?7196E<3D?;?8G.?AGB:89DH*(),%-;;B:89DCB6C6BF65%
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Ghogomu, et al: Cochrane systematic review methods Risk of bias is assessed in a 2-step process (Figure 2, Figure 3).
Step 1: T he ris k-of-bia s tool addresses 7 differe nt domains: (1) sequence generation; (2) allocation conceal- ment; (3) b linding of participants an d pers onnel; (4) blinding of outcome assessment; (5) incomplete outcome data; (6) selective outcome reporting; and (7) "other sources of bias". Review authors need to specify in their protocol which issues they will consider for "other sources of bias". Other potential sources of bias should address issues that may affect the internal validity of the study. The handbook provides furth er details on th ese issues such as sig nificant baseline imbalanc es between groups, or situations where a cointervention is not administered evenly between groups. Each domain includes 1 or more specific entries in a risk-of-biastable. Within each entry, the first part of the tool involves
assigning a judgment of low risk, high risk, or unclear risk, and the second part involves providing an explanation of the judgment. A summary table of review authors" judgments for each risk-of-bias item for each study is shown in Figure 2 f or the " Abatacep t for rheumatoid arthr itis" re view.
Independent assessment of risk of bias should be undertaken by at least 2 review au thor s. Where diffe rences in assessment cannot be resolved, arbitration by a third person is warranted. Step 2: The handbook suggests summarizing risk of bias for each important outcome within and across studies using 3 categories - low, unclear, and high risk of bias. Within a
single trial, different outcomes may be at different risk of bias given that dif ferent studie s may contribute t o each Figure 2.Risk-of-bias summary: review authors" judgments about each methodological item for each included
study in the "Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis review" 47
. From Maxwell L, Singh JA. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009(4):CD007277; with permission.
Figure 3.Risk-of-bias graph: review authors" judgments about each risk-of-bias item presented as percentages across all included
studies in the "Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis" review 47
. Maxwell LJ, Singh JA. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis: a Cochrane systematic review. From Maxwell L, Singh JA. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009(4):CD007277; with permission.
Personal non-commercial use only. The Journal of Rheumatology Copyright © 2014. All rights reserved.
of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 200
The Journal of Rheumatology 2014; 41:2; doi:10.3899/jrheum.121306 06BC?>3;>?> 4?<<6B4:3;EC6?>;G%296/?EB>3;?7196E<3D?;?8G.?AGB:89DH*(),%-;;B:89DCB6C6BF65%
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$DCGhogomu, et al: Cochrane systematic review methods Risk of bias is assessed in a 2-step process (Figure 2,
Figure 3).
Step 1: T he ris k-of-bia s tool addresses 7 differe nt domains: (1) sequence generation; (2) allocation conceal- ment; (3) b linding of participants an d pers onnel; (4) blinding of outcome assessment; (5) incomplete outcome data; (6) selective outcome reporting; and (7) "other sources of bias". Review authors need to specify in their protocol which issues they will consider for "other sources of bias". Other potential sources of bias should address issues that may affect the internal validity of the study. The handbook provides furth er details on th ese issues such as sig nificant baseline imbalanc es between groups, or situations where a cointervention is not administered evenly between groups. Eachdomain includes 1 or more specific entries in a risk-of-biastable. Within each entry, the first part of the tool involves
assigning a judgment of low risk, high risk, or unclear risk, and the second part involves providing an explanation of the judgment. A summary table of review authors" judgments for each risk-of-bias item for each study is shown in Figure2 f or the " Abatacep t for rheumatoid arthr itis" re view.
Independent assessment of risk of bias should be undertaken by at least 2 review au thor s. Where diffe rences in assessment cannot be resolved, arbitration by a third person is warranted. Step 2: The handbook suggests summarizing risk of bias for each important outcome within and across studies using3 categories - low, unclear, and high risk of bias. Within a
single trial, different outcomes may be at different risk of bias given that dif ferent studie s may contribute t o eachFigure 2.Risk-of-bias summary: review authors" judgments about each methodological item for each included
study in the "Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis review" 47. From Maxwell L, Singh JA. Cochrane Database
Syst Rev 2009(4):CD007277; with permission.
Figure 3.Risk-of-bias graph: review authors" judgments about each risk-of-bias item presented as percentages across all included
studies in the "Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis" review 47. Maxwell LJ, Singh JA. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis: a Cochrane
systematic review. From Maxwell L, Singh JA. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009(4):CD007277; with permission.
Personal non-commercial use only. The Journal of Rheumatology Copyright © 2014. All rights reserved.
of RheumatologyThe Journal on January 8, 2015 - Published by www.jrheum.orgDownloaded from 200The Journal of Rheumatology 2014; 41:2; doi:10.3899/jrheum.121306
06BC?>3;>?> 4?<<6B4:3;EC6?>;G%296/?EB>3;?7196E<3D?;?8G.?AGB:89DH*(),%-;;B:89DCB6C6BF65%
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quotesdbs_dbs32.pdfusesText_38
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[PDF] PRESENTATION du GROUPE de PROTECTION SOCIALE
[PDF] Les Français sur les routes
[PDF] GPAO Plus. Le logiciel de gestion de production
[PDF] La Faculté de Droit Virtuelle est la plate-forme pédagogique de la Faculté de Droit de Lyon www.facdedroit-lyon3.com
[PDF] Textile/Habillement & Cuir : Catalogue des Solutions Informatiques
[PDF] Un système d alarme se compose de différentes parties : Que nous allons analyser séparément.
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