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5 мая 2012 г. Hierarchical QUERIES. What is the hierarchy of management in my enterprise? ADVANCED SQL QUERIES. Oracle Tutorials. 5th of May 2012. Page 23 ...
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query it. The middle part lists the available data types and functions for use in SQL commands. The rest treats several aspects that are important for ...
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In the next example macro COLUMNS consists of an SQL query that accesses any single column in a SAS library. If the macro was invoked with a user-request
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http://[site]/page.asp?id=1 or 1=convert(int(USER))--. Syntax error converting the nvarchar value '[j0e]' to a column of data type int. Inband: Page 7. Data is
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Precipitation data and nested queries. Example: “Using a single SQL query find all of the stations that had the highest daily precipitation. (across all
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simple operations. This tutorial is only intended to give you an introduction and is in no way a complete tutorial on SQL. Numerous books have been written on ...
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Before you start doing practice with various types of examples given in this modern database systems like MS SQL Server IBM DB2
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SQL & Advanced SQL
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Hint 2: Whenever in doubt always go back to the definition. 44. Lecture 4 > Problem Set #1. Page 45. Precipitation data and nested queries. Example: “Using a
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Even though this topic is best explained by example let's take a quick look at the syntax. CASE <column-name>. WHEN when-condition THEN result-expression. <
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advanced concepts related to SQL languages. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on the various components of SQL along with suitable examples.
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SQL Tutorial
iSQL TUTORIAL
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ABOUT THE TUTORIAL
SQL Tutorial
SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database. SQL stands for Structured Query Language.This tutorial will give you quick start with SQL.
Audience
This reference has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced
concepts related to SQL languages.Prerequisites
Before you start doing practice with various types of examples given in this reference, I'm making an
assumption that you are already aware about what is database, especially RDBMS and what is a
computer programming language.Copyright & Disclaimer Notice
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Table of Content
SQL Tutorial ............................................................................. 2 Audience .................................................................................. 2 Prerequisites ............................................................................ 2 Copyright & Disclaimer Notice .................................................. 2 SQL Overview ........................................................................ 15What is SQL? ........................................................................................... 15
Why SQL? ................................................................................................ 15
History: ..................................................................................................... 16
SQL Process: ........................................................................................... 16
SQL Commands: ...................................................................................... 17
DDL - Data Definition Language: ............................................................. 17 DML - Data Manipulation Language: ........................................................ 17 DCL - Data Control Language: ................................................................. 17 DQL - Data Query Language: .................................................................. 17 SQL RDBMS Concepts .......................................................... 18What is field? ............................................................................................ 19
What is record, or row? ............................................................................ 19
What is column? ....................................................................................... 19
What is NULL value?................................................................................ 19
SQL Constraints: ...................................................................................... 20
NOT NULL Constraint: ............................................................................. 20
DEFAULT Constraint:............................................................................... 21
Example: .................................................................................................. 21
Drop Default Constraint: ........................................................................... 21
UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................................. 21
Example: .................................................................................................. 21
DROP a UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................... 22PRIMARY Key: ......................................................................................... 22
Create Primary Key: ................................................................................. 22
Delete Primary Key: ................................................................................. 23
FOREIGN Key: ......................................................................................... 24
Example: .................................................................................................. 24
DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint: ........................................................ 25CHECK Constraint: .................................................................................. 25
Example: .................................................................................................. 25
DROP a CHECK Constraint: .................................................................... 25INDEX: ..................................................................................................... 26
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Example: .................................................................................................. 26
DROP a INDEX Constraint: ...................................................................... 26Data Integrity: ........................................................................................... 26
Database Normalization ........................................................................... 27
Third Rule of 1NF: .................................................................................... 29
SQL RDBMS Databases ........................................................ 32MySQL ..................................................................................................... 32
History: ..................................................................................................... 32
Features: .................................................................................................. 33
MS SQL Server ........................................................................................ 33
History: ..................................................................................................... 33
Features: .................................................................................................. 34
ORACLE .................................................................................................. 34
History: ..................................................................................................... 34
Features: .................................................................................................. 35
MS- ACCESS ........................................................................................... 36
Features: .................................................................................................. 36
SQL Syntax ............................................................................ 37 SQL SELECT Statement: ......................................................................... 37 SQL DISTINCT Clause: ........................................................................... 37 SQL WHERE Clause:............................................................................... 37 SQL AND/OR Clause: .............................................................................. 37SQL IN Clause: ........................................................................................ 38
SQL BETWEEN Clause: .......................................................................... 38SQL Like Clause: ..................................................................................... 38
SQL ORDER BY Clause: ......................................................................... 38 SQL GROUP BY Clause: ......................................................................... 38 SQL COUNT Clause: ............................................................................... 38 SQL HAVING Clause: .............................................................................. 38 SQL CREATE TABLE Statement: ............................................................ 38 SQL DROP TABLE Statement: ................................................................ 39 SQL CREATE INDEX Statement: ............................................................ 39 SQL DROP INDEX Statement: ................................................................ 39 SQL DESC Statement: ............................................................................. 39 SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement: ....................................................... 39 SQL ALTER TABLE Statement: ............................................................... 39 SQL ALTER TABLE Statement (Rename): .............................................. 39 SQL INSERT INTO Statement: ................................................................ 39 SQL UPDATE Statement: ........................................................................ 39TUTORIALS POINT
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SQL DELETE Statement: ......................................................................... 40 SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement: .................................................... 40 SQL DROP DATABASE Statement: ........................................................ 40SQL USE Statement: ............................................................................... 40
SQL COMMIT Statement: ........................................................................ 40 SQL ROLLBACK Statement: .................................................................... 40 SQL Data Types .................................................................... 41 Exact Numeric Data Types: ...................................................................... 41 Approximate Numeric Data Types: .......................................................... 41 Date and Time Data Types: ..................................................................... 42 Character Strings Data Types: ................................................................. 42 Unicode Character Strings Data Types: ................................................... 42Binary Data Types: ................................................................................... 42
Misc Data Types: ..................................................................................... 43
SQL Operators ....................................................................... 44 What is an Operator in SQL? ................................................................... 44 SQL Arithmetic Operators: ....................................................................... 44 SQL Comparison Operators: .................................................................... 45SQL Logical Operators: ............................................................................ 47
SQL Expressions ................................................................... 50Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 50
SQL - Boolean Expressions: .................................................................... 50 SQL - Numeric Expression: ...................................................................... 51SQL - Date Expressions: .......................................................................... 51
SQL CREATE Database ........................................................ 53Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 53
Example: .................................................................................................. 53
DROP or DELETE Database ................................................. 54Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 54
Example: .................................................................................................. 54
SQL SELECT Database ......................................................... 55Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 55
Example: .................................................................................................. 55
SQL CREATE Table .............................................................. 56Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 56
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 56
Example: .................................................................................................. 57
Example: .................................................................................................. 57
SQL DROP or DELETE Table ................................................ 59TUTORIALS POINT
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Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 59
Example: .................................................................................................. 59
SQL INSERT Query ............................................................... 60Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 60
Example: .................................................................................................. 60
Populate one table using another table: ................................................... 61 SQL SELECT Query .............................................................. 62Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 62
Example: .................................................................................................. 62
SQL WHERE Clause ............................................................. 64Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 64
Example: .................................................................................................. 64
SQL AND and OR Operators ................................................. 66The AND Operator: .................................................................................. 66
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 66
Example: .................................................................................................. 66
The OR Operator: .................................................................................... 67
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 67
Example: .................................................................................................. 67
SQL UPDATE Query.............................................................. 69Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 69
Example: .................................................................................................. 69
SQL DELETE Query .............................................................. 71Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 71
Example: .................................................................................................. 71
SQL LIKE Clause ................................................................... 73Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 73
Example: .................................................................................................. 74
SQL TOP Clause ................................................................... 75Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 75
Example: .................................................................................................. 75
SQL ORDER BY Clause ........................................................ 77Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 77
Example: .................................................................................................. 77
SQL Group By........................................................................ 79Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 79
Example: .................................................................................................. 79
SQL Distinct Keyword ............................................................ 81Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 81
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Example: .................................................................................................. 81
SQL SORTING Results .......................................................... 83Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 83
Example: .................................................................................................. 83
SQL Constraints ..................................................................... 85NOT NULL Constraint: ............................................................................. 85
DEFAULT Constraint:............................................................................... 86
Example: .................................................................................................. 86
Drop Default Constraint: ........................................................................... 86
UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................................. 87
Example: .................................................................................................. 87
DROP a UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................... 87PRIMARY Key: ......................................................................................... 88
Create Primary Key: ................................................................................. 88
Delete Primary Key: ................................................................................. 89
FOREIGN Key: ......................................................................................... 89
Example: .................................................................................................. 89
DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint: ........................................................ 90CHECK Constraint: .................................................................................. 90
Example: .................................................................................................. 90
DROP a CHECK Constraint: .................................................................... 91INDEX: ..................................................................................................... 91
Example: .................................................................................................. 91
DROP a INDEX Constraint: ...................................................................... 91Dropping Constraints:............................................................................... 92
Integrity Constraints: ................................................................................ 92
SQL Joins .............................................................................. 93SQL Join Types: ....................................................................................... 94
INNER JOIN ............................................................................................. 94
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 94
Example: .................................................................................................. 94
LEFT JOIN ............................................................................................... 95
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 95
Example: .................................................................................................. 95
RIGHT JOIN ............................................................................................. 96
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 96
Example: .................................................................................................. 96
FULL JOIN ............................................................................................... 97
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 97
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Example: .................................................................................................. 98
SELF JOIN ............................................................................................... 99
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 99
Example: .................................................................................................. 99
CARTESIAN JOIN ................................................................................. 100Syntax: ................................................................................................... 100
Example: ................................................................................................ 100
SQL Unions Clause ............................................................. 102Syntax: ................................................................................................... 102
Example: ................................................................................................ 102
The UNION ALL Clause: ........................................................................ 103Syntax: ................................................................................................... 103
Example: ................................................................................................ 104
Example: ................................................................................................ 105
SQL NULL Values ................................................................ 109Syntax: ................................................................................................... 109
Example: ................................................................................................ 109
SQL Alias Syntax ................................................................. 111Syntax: ................................................................................................... 111
Example: ................................................................................................ 111
SQL Indexes ........................................................................ 113 The CREATE INDEX Command: ........................................................... 113 Single-Column Indexes: ......................................................................... 113Unique Indexes: ..................................................................................... 113
Composite Indexes: ............................................................................... 114
Implicit Indexes: ..................................................................................... 114
The DROP INDEX Command: ............................................................... 114 When should indexes be avoided? ........................................................ 114 SQL ALTER TABLE Command ............................................ 115Syntax: ................................................................................................... 115
Example: ................................................................................................ 116
SQL TRUNCATE TABLE ..................................................... 118Syntax: ................................................................................................... 118
Example: ................................................................................................ 118
SQL - Using Views ............................................................... 119Creating Views: ...................................................................................... 119
Example: ................................................................................................ 119
The WITH CHECK OPTION: .................................................................. 120Updating a View: .................................................................................... 120
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Inserting Rows into a View: .................................................................... 121 Deleting Rows into a View: ..................................................................... 122Dropping Views: ..................................................................................... 122
SQL HAVING CLAUSE ........................................................ 123Syntax: ................................................................................................... 123
Example: ................................................................................................ 123
SQL Transactions ................................................................ 125 Properties of Transactions: .................................................................... 125Transaction Control: ............................................................................... 125
The COMMIT Command: ....................................................................... 125Example: ................................................................................................ 126
The ROLLBACK Command: .................................................................. 126Example: ................................................................................................ 126
The SAVEPOINT Command: ................................................................. 127Example: ................................................................................................ 127
The RELEASE SAVEPOINT Command:................................................ 128 The SET TRANSACTION Command: .................................................... 129 SQL Wildcard Operators ...................................................... 130Syntax: ................................................................................................... 130
Example: ................................................................................................ 131
SQL Date Functions ............................................................. 132 ADDDATE(date,INTERVAL expr unit), ADDDATE(expr,days) ............... 134 ADDTIME(expr1,expr2) .......................................................................... 135 CONVERT_TZ(dt,from_tz,to_tz) ............................................................ 135CURDATE() ........................................................................................... 135
CURRENT_DATE and CURRENT_DATE() ........................................... 136CURTIME() ............................................................................................ 136
CURRENT_TIME and CURRENT_TIME() ............................................. 136 CURRENT_TIMESTAMP and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() .................... 136DATE(expr) ............................................................................................ 136
DATEDIFF(expr1,expr2) ........................................................................ 136 DATE_ADD(date,INTERVAL expr unit),................................................. 137 DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr unit) .................................................. 137 DATE_FORMAT(date,format) ................................................................ 138 DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr unit) .................................................. 140DAY(date) .............................................................................................. 140
DAYNAME(date) .................................................................................... 140
DAYOFMONTH(date) ............................................................................ 140 DAYOFWEEK(date) ............................................................................... 140TUTORIALS POINT
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DAYOFYEAR(date) ................................................................................ 140 EXTRACT(unit FROM date) ................................................................... 141FROM_DAYS(N) .................................................................................... 141
FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp) ...................................................... 141 FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp,format) ........................................... 141HOUR(time) ........................................................................................... 142
LAST_DAY(date) ................................................................................... 142
LOCALTIME and LOCALTIME() ............................................................ 142 LOCALTIMESTAMP and LOCALTIMESTAMP() .................................... 142 MAKEDATE(year,dayofyear) ................................................................. 142 MAKETIME(hour,minute,second) ........................................................... 143 MICROSECOND(expr) ........................................................................... 143MINUTE(time) ........................................................................................ 143
MONTH(date) ......................................................................................... 143
MONTHNAME(date) .............................................................................. 143NOW() .................................................................................................... 144
PERIOD_ADD(P,N) ............................................................................... 144 PERIOD_DIFF(P1,P2) ........................................................................... 144QUARTER(date) .................................................................................... 144
SECOND(time) ....................................................................................... 145
SEC_TO_TIME(seconds) ....................................................................... 145 STR_TO_DATE(str,format) .................................................................... 145 SUBDATE(date,INTERVAL expr unit) and SUBDATE(expr,days) ......... 145 SUBTIME(expr1,expr2) .......................................................................... 146SYSDATE() ............................................................................................ 146
TIME(expr) ............................................................................................. 146
TIMEDIFF(expr1,expr2) ......................................................................... 146 TIMESTAMP(expr), TIMESTAMP(expr1,expr2) ..................................... 147 TIMESTAMPADD(unit,interval,datetime_expr) ...................................... 147 TIMESTAMPDIFF(unit,datetime_expr1,datetime_expr2) ....................... 147 TIME_FORMAT(time,format) ................................................................. 148 TIME_TO_SEC(time) ............................................................................. 148TO_DAYS(date) ..................................................................................... 148
UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), UNIX_TIMESTAMP(date) ................................... 148 UTC_DATE, UTC_DATE() ..................................................................... 149 UTC_TIME, UTC_TIME() ....................................................................... 149 UTC_TIMESTAMP, UTC_TIMESTAMP() .............................................. 149WEEK(date[,mode]) ............................................................................... 149
WEEKDAY(date) .................................................................................... 150
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