SQL & Advanced SQL
5 мая 2012 г. Hierarchical QUERIES. What is the hierarchy of management in my enterprise? ADVANCED SQL QUERIES. Oracle Tutorials. 5th of May 2012. Page 23 ...
PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation
query it. The middle part lists the available data types and functions for use in SQL commands. The rest treats several aspects that are important for ...
SQL Tutorial
If you are using Oracle server then here is an equivalent example: SQL ASubquery or Inner query or Nested query is a query within another SQL query and ...
Advanced Programming Techniques with PROC SQL - Kirk Paul
In the next example macro COLUMNS consists of an SQL query that accesses any single column in a SAS library. If the macro was invoked with a user-request
Advanced SQL and Functions
17 сент. 2014 г. SQL - Window Functions CTEs
Advanced SQL Injection
http://[site]/page.asp?id=1 or 1=convert(int(USER))--. Syntax error converting the nvarchar value '[j0e]' to a column of data type int. Inband: Page 7. Data is
Lecture 4: Advanced SQL – Part II
Precipitation data and nested queries. Example: “Using a single SQL query find all of the stations that had the highest daily precipitation. (across all
PostgreSQL 13.13 Documentation
tutorial on SQL. Numerous books have been written on SQL including [melt93] and [date97] ... syntax example: CREATE TABLE products (. 63. Page 102. Data ...
PostgreSQL 12.17 Documentation
SQL Syntax. This chapter describes the syntax of SQL. It forms the foundation for understanding the following chapters which will go into detail about how SQL ...
PostgreSQL 14.10 Documentation
simple operations. This tutorial is only intended to give you an introduction and is in no way a complete tutorial on SQL. Numerous books have been written on ...
SQL Tutorial
Before you start doing practice with various types of examples given in this modern database systems like MS SQL Server IBM DB2
Advanced SQL and Functions
Sep 17 2014 Simple Queries. Joins. Set Operations. Subqueries. Queries ... http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/interactive/tutorial-window.html.
SQL & Advanced SQL
May 5 2012 Controlling access to the database and its objects. ? Example: GRANT SELECT ON [TABLE] TO [USER];. SQL LANGUAGE (2). Oracle Tutorials.
IBM QRadar : QRadar Ariel Query Language Guide
Dec 10 2016 Functions work on all fields and databases. Examples of functions include. DATEFORMAT
Advanced SQL Injection
Union-Based SQL Injection Syntax for extracting the USER simple truth with sql injection is sometimes you just have a gut feeling that you are.
Lecture 4: Advanced SQL – Part II
Hint 2: Whenever in doubt always go back to the definition. 44. Lecture 4 > Problem Set #1. Page 45. Precipitation data and nested queries. Example: “Using a
Advanced Programming Techniques with PROC SQL - Kirk Paul
Even though this topic is best explained by example let's take a quick look at the syntax. CASE <column-name>. WHEN when-condition THEN result-expression. <
SQL i
advanced concepts related to SQL languages. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on the various components of SQL along with suitable examples.
Logical SQL Reference Guide for Oracle Business Intelligence
For an in-depth explanation and some examples of using the GROUP BY clause in requests against the Oracle BI Server see Rules for Queries with Aggregate
Informix Guide to SQL: Syntax
Informix Dynamic Server with Advanced Decision Support and Extended Programming with SQL ... Example of TRACE Statements in a Stored Procedure .
Lecture4:AdvancedSQL-PartII
Lecture4:AdvancedSQL-PartIILecture4
1.Aggregation&GROUPBY5Lecture4>Section1
7AggregationSELECTCOUNT(*)FROMProductWHEREyear > 1995ExceptCOUNT,allaggregationsapplytoasingleattributeSELECTAVG(price)FROMProductWHERE maker = "Toyota"•SQLsupportsseveralaggregationoperations:•SUM,COUNT,MIN,MAX,AVGLecture4>Section1>Aggregation
8•COUNTappliestoduplicates,unlessotherwisestatedSELECTCOUNT(category) FROMProductWHEREyear > 1995Note:SameasCOUNT(*).Why?Weprobablywant:SELECTCOUNT(DISTINCTcategory)FROMProductWHEREyear > 1995Aggregation:COUNTLecture4>Section1>Aggregation
9Purchase(product, date, price, quantity)MoreExamplesSELECTSUM(price * quantity)FROMPurchaseSELECTSUM(price * quantity)FROMPurchaseWHERE product = 'bagel'Whatdothesemean?Lecture4>Section1>Aggregation
10SimpleAggregationsPurchaseProductDatePriceQuantitybagel10/21120banana10/30.510banana10/10110bagel10/251.5020SELECTSUM(price * quantity)FROMPurchaseWHERE product = 'bagel'50(=1*20+1.50*20)Lecture4>Section1>Aggregation
11GroupingandAggregationSELECT product,SUM(price * quantity) AS TotalSalesFROMPurchaseWHEREdate > '10/1/2005'GROUP BYproductLet'sseewhatthismeans...Findtotalsalesafter10/1/2005perproduct.Lecture4>Section1>GROUPBYPurchase(product, date, price, quantity)
131.ComputetheFROMandWHEREclausesProductDatePriceQuantityBagel10/21120Bagel10/251.5020Banana10/30.510Banana10/10110SELECT product, SUM(price*quantity) AS TotalSalesFROMPurchaseWHEREdate > '10/1/2005'GROUP BY productLecture4>Section1>GROUPBYFROM
ProductDatePriceQuantityBagel10/21120Bagel10/251.5020Banana10/30.510Banana10/10110142.GroupbytheattributesintheGROUPBYSELECT product, SUM(price*quantity) AS TotalSalesFROM PurchaseWHERE date > '10/1/2005'GROUP BY productLecture4>Section1>GROUPBYGROUP BY ProductDatePriceQuantityBagel10/2112010/251.5020Banana10/30.51010/10110
153.ComputetheSELECTclause:groupedattributesandaggregatesSELECTproduct, SUM(price*quantity) AS TotalSalesFROM PurchaseWHERE date > '10/1/2005'GROUP BY productProductTotalSalesBagel50Banana15SELECTProductDatePriceQuantityBagel10/2112010/251.5020Banana10/30.51010/10110Lecture4>Section1>GROUPBY
16GROUPBYv.s.NestedQuereisSELECT product, Sum(price*quantity) ASTotalSalesFROMPurchaseWHEREdate > '10/1/2005'GROUP BYproductSELECT DISTINCTx.product, (SELECTSum(y.price*y.quantity)FROMPurchase yWHEREx.product= y.productAND y.date> '10/1/2005') ASTotalSalesFROMPurchase xWHEREx.date> '10/1/2005'Lecture3>Section2>GROUPBY
17HAVINGClauseSamequeryasbefore,exceptthatweconsideronlyproductsthathavemorethan100buyersHAVINGclausescontainsconditionsonaggregatesSELECT product, SUM(price*quantity)FROMPurchaseWHEREdate > '10/1/2005'GROUP BY productHAVINGSUM(quantity) > 100WhereasWHEREclausesconditiononindividualtuples...Lecture4>Section1>GROUPBY
18GeneralformofGroupingandAggregation•S=CanONLYcontainattributesa1,...,akand/oraggregatesoverotherattributes•C1=isanyconditionontheattributesinR1,...,Rn•C2=isanyconditionontheaggregateexpressionsSELECTSFROMR1,...,RnWHEREC1GROUP BYa1,...,akHAVINGC2Why?Lecture4>Section1>GROUPBY
19GeneralformofGroupingandAggregationSELECTSFROMR1,...,RnWHEREC1GROUP BYa1,...,akHAVINGC2Evaluationsteps:1.EvaluateFROM-WHERE:applyconditionC1ontheattributesinR1,...,Rn2.GROUPBYtheattributesa1,...,ak3.ApplyconditionC2toeachgroup(mayhaveaggregates)4.ComputeaggregatesinSandreturntheresultLecture4>Section1>GROUPBY
20Group-byv.s.NestedQuery•Findauthorswhowrote³10documents:•Attempt1:withnestedqueriesSELECTDISTINCTAuthor.nameFROM AuthorWHERE COUNT(SELECTWrote.urlFROMWroteWHEREAuthor.login= Wrote.login)> 10Author(login, name)Wrote(login, url)ThisisSQLbyanoviceLecture4>Section1>GROUPBY
21Group-byv.s.NestedQuery•Findallauthorswhowroteatleast10documents:•Attempt2:SQLstyle(withGROUPBY)SELECTAuthor.nameFROM Author, WroteWHEREAuthor.login= Wrote.loginGROUP BYAuthor.nameHAVING COUNT(Wrote.url) > 10NoneedforDISTINCT:automaticallyfromGROUPBYThisisSQLbyanexpertLecture4>Section1>GROUPBY
moreefficient!Lecture4>Section1>GROUPBY3.AdvancedSQL-izing24Lecture4>Section2
26QuantifiersProduct(name, price, company)Company(name, city)Findallcompaniesthatmakesomeproductswithprice<100SELECT DISTINCTCompany.cnameFROMCompany, ProductWHERECompany.name= Product.companyAND Product.price< 100Existential:easy!JLecture4>Section2>QuantifiersAnexistentialquantifierisalogicalquantifier(roughly)oftheform"thereexists"
27QuantifiersProduct(name, price, company)Company(name, city)Findallcompanieswithproductsallhavingprice<100SELECT DISTINCTCompany.cnameFROMCompanyWHERECompany.nameNOT IN(SELECT Product.companyFROM Product.price>= 100)Auniversalquantifierisoftheform"forall"Universal:hard!LFindallcompaniesthatmakeonlyproductswithprice<100EquivalentLecture4>Section2>Quantifiers
30NullValues•C1ANDC2=min(C1,C2)•C1ORC2=max(C1,C2)•NOTC1=1-C1SELECT*FROMPersonWHERE(age < 25) AND (height > 6 AND weight > 190)Won'treturne.g.(age=20height=NULLweight=200)!RuleinSQL:includeonlytuplesthatyieldTRUE(1.0)Lecture4>Section2>NULLs
31NullValuesUnexpectedbehavior:SELECT*FROMPersonWHEREage < 25 OR age >= 25SomePersonsarenotincluded!Lecture4>Section2>NULLs
32NullValuesCantestforNULLexplicitly:•xISNULL•xISNOTNULLSELECT*FROMPersonWHEREage < 25 OR age >= 25 OR age IS NULLNowitincludesallPersons!Lecture4>Section2>NULLs
33RECAP:InnerJoinsBydefault,joinsinSQLare"innerjoins":SELECTProduct.name, Purchase.storeFROMProduct JOIN Purchase ONProduct.name= Purchase.prodNameSELECTProduct.name, Purchase.storeFROMProduct, PurchaseWHEREProduct.name= Purchase.prodNameProduct(name, category)Purchase(prodName, store)Bothequivalent:BothINNERJOINS!Lecture4>Section2>NULLs
34InnerJoins+NULLS=Lostdata?Bydefault,joinsinSQLare"innerjoins":However:Productsthatneversold(withnoPurchasetuple)willbelost!SELECTProduct.name, Purchase.storeFROMProduct JOIN Purchase ONProduct.name= Purchase.prodNameSELECTProduct.name, Purchase.storeFROMProduct, PurchaseWHEREProduct.name= Purchase.prodNameProduct(name, category)Purchase(prodName, store)Lecture4>Section2>NULLs
35OuterJoins•Anouterjoinreturnstuplesfromthejoinedrelationsthatdon'thaveacorrespondingtupleintheotherrelations•I.e.IfwejoinrelationsAandBona.X=b.X,andthereisanentryinAwithX=5,butnoneinBwithX=5...•ALEFTOUTERJOINwillreturnatuple(a,NULL)!•LeftouterjoinsinSQL:Lecture4>Section2>OuterJoinsSELECTProduct.name, Purchase.storeFROMProduct LEFT OUTER JOIN Purchase ONProduct.name= Purchase.prodNameNowwe'llgetproductseveniftheydidn'tsell
36namecategoryGizmogadgetCameraPhotoOneClickPhotoprodNamestoreGizmoWizCameraRitzCameraWiznamestoreGizmoWizCameraRitzCameraWizProductPurchaseINNERJOIN:SELECTProduct.name, Purchase.storeFROMProduct INNER JOIN Purchase ONProduct.name= Purchase.prodNameNote:anotherequivalentwaytowriteanINNERJOIN!Lecture4>Section2>OuterJoins
37namecategoryGizmogadgetCameraPhotoOneClickPhotoprodNamestoreGizmoWizCameraRitzCameraWiznamestoreGizmoWizCameraRitzCameraWizOneClickNULLProductPurchaseLEFTOUTERJOIN:SELECTProduct.name, Purchase.storeFROMProduct LEFT OUTER JOIN Purchase ONProduct.name= Purchase.prodNameLecture4>Section2>OuterJoins
LinearalgebrainSQL1.Simplejoinswithaggregations2.Hint1:UsingaliasesleadstocleanSQL3.Hint2:SQLsupportsmanyoperationsovernumericattributes(intheSELECTpartofanSFWquery)43Lecture4>ProblemSet#1SELECT MAX(A.val*B.val)FROMA, BWHEREA.i= B.iANDA.j= B.j
PrecipitationdataandnestedqueriesExample:"UsingasingleSQLquery,findallofthestationsthathadthehighestdailyprecipitation(acrossallstations)onanygivenday."45Lecture4>ProblemSet#1SELECT station_id, dayFROMprecipitation,(SELECTday ASmaxd, MAX(precipitation)AS maxpFROMprecipitationGROUP BY day)WHEREday = maxdANDprecipitation = maxpPrecipitation
Example:"Findallpathsofsizetwoinadirectedgraph"47Lecture4>ProblemSet#1SELECT e1.src, e1.trg, e2.trgFROMedges ASe1, edges ASe2, WHEREe1.trg = e2.srcThetravelingSQLsalesman:GraphtraversalsinSQLedge_idsrctrg1AB2BC3CDEdgesSomemoreexamples:https://www.fusionbox.com/blog/detail/graph-algorithms-in-a-database-recursive-ctes-and-topological-sort-with-postgres/620/
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