THE MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
Section I in Book I of Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica is reproduced here translated into English by Andrew Motte.
Newtons Principia the mathematical principles of natural philosophy
THAT the PRINCIPIA of Newton should have remained so gen- that of the English edition have thus far opposed very sufficient.
Newtons Principia : the mathematical principles of natural philosophy
BY SIR ISAAC NEWTON;. TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY ANDREW MOTTE. TO WHICH IS ADDKTV. NEWTON S SYSTEM OF THE WORLD ;.
Principia Mathematica
PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA. BY. A. N. WHITEHEAD. AND. BERTRAND RUSSELL. Principia Mathematica was first published in 1910-13; this is the fifth impression of.
Goedel K On Formally Undecidable Propositions Of Principia
Gudel Kurt. [Über formal unentscheidbare Satze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme 1 English). On formally undecidable propositions of
Kurt G¨odel ¨Uber formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia
116–195. Translations: English translations: 'On formally undecidable propositions of Prin- cipia mathematica and related systems I.' Translation by B. Meltzer
Notes on the english present perfect
have read 'Principia Mathematica ' five times. (c) to indicate that the direct effect of a past event still continues ('Stative') :.
The ascent of English
12 ??.?. 2558 Newton shifted from Latin for his Principia. Mathematica(1687) to English for his Opticks. (1704). During the Enlightenment Euro-.
Alfred North Whitehead & Bertrand Russell - Principia Mathematica
PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA. BY. ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD. AND. BERTRAND RUSSELL. VOLUME III. SECOND EDITION. CAMBRIDGE. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
THE MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
Lemma II in Book II of Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica is reproduced here translated into English by Andrew Motte.
P R I N C I P I A - Project Gutenberg
Title: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica Author: Isaac Newton Release Date: March 1 2009 [EBook #28233] Language: Latin Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILOSOPHIAE NATURALIS *** Produced by Jonathan Ingram Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www pgdp net
Principia mathematica by Alfred North Whitehead and
THE MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY (BOOK 1 SECTION 1) By Isaac Newton Translated into English by Andrew Motte Edited by David R Wilkins 2002 NOTE ON THE TEXT Section I in Book I of Isaac Newton’s Philosophiˆ Naturalis Principia Mathematica is reproduced here translated into English by Andrew Motte
Who wrote Principia Mathematica?
Title: Principia mathematica, by Alfred North Whitehead ... and Bertrand Russell. Author: Whitehead, Alfred North, 1861-1947. Collection: University of Michigan Historical Math Collection Rights/Permissions: The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes.
Who translated Isaac Newton's Philosophi naturalis principia mathematica?
Edited by David R. Wilkins 2002 NOTE ON THE TEXT Section I in Book I of Isaac Newton’s Philosophiˆ Naturalis Principia Mathematica is reproduced here, translated into English by Andrew Motte. Motte’s translation of Newton’s Principia, entitled The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy was rst published in 1729.
When was motte's translation of Newton's Principia published?
Motte’s translation of Newton’s Principia, entitled The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy was rst published in 1729. David R. Wilkins Dublin, June 2002 i SECTION I. Of the method of rst and last ratio’s of quantities, by the help whereof we demonstrate the propositions that follow. Lemma I.
LINGUISTICS
The ascent of English
Andrew Robinson salutes a chronicle of how one language came to dominate science. A scientific paper published in 1905 gloried in the title Zur Elektrodyna-Einstein"s On the electrodynamics of moving
bodies", which introduced the special theory of relativity, would be published in English. Eng- lish has become the language of almost every leading journal across the natural sciences, whatever its country of origin. Large confer- ences held in non-anglophone countries, such as those of the European Geosciences Union, often use English. Of the major producers of scientific research, only China and, to a lesser extent, Japan host international conferences in their own languages.In 1905, however, some 30% of global
scientific literature was in German, with a similar proportion in English, marginally less in French and much less in Russian andJapanese. So reveals US historian Michael
Gordin in Scientific Babel, a massive, erudite
and engaging study of the role of languages in science based on 15 years of research and drawing on Gordin"s knowledge of French, German, Russian, Esperanto and Latin. The numerous translations are generally his own.The dominance of English unpredicted
a century ago is rooted in Germany"s defeat in the First World War. For some years after- wards, there was an international boycott ofGerman scientists and
attempts were made to curb the use of Ger- man by the League of Nations and 22US states. The advent of the Third Reich in1933 boosted English
as the scientific lingua franca, as did theUnited States" postwar
ascendancy in scien- tific output and geopo- litical power along with a perception ofEnglish as neutral.
Gordin asks, with a
touch of irony, whether this English-languagefait accompli" is always good for science.
Although he finds that most scientists are in
principle inclined to embrace the idea of one language for communicating, the dominance of English can disadvantage non-English speakers. The most creative thinking tends to be done in the language in which a person feels most at home. As Fields Medal winnerLaurent Lafforgue noted (in French) in 2005:
it is to the degree that the French mathemati- cal school remains attached to French that it conserves its originality and its force".Gordin asks: does history suggest a future
alternative? He considers relevant historical episodes in detail. Latin, for example, became the language of European science during the Italian Renaissance, but its use began to decline in the seventeenth century. Thus,Galileo Galilei turned to Italian, and Isaac
Newton shifted from Latin for his Principia
Mathematica (1687) to English for his Opticks
(1704). During the Enlightenment, Euro- pean libraries collected roughly one-third of their books in Latin, one-third in French and the rest in the local vernacular. Barring taxonomic nomenclature, the use of Latin had died out among leading scientists by the time of Charles Darwin, who wrote in English.The linguistic complexity in science in the
late nineteenth century is demonstrated by the story of the periodic table and its con- tested origin, which Gordin explored in his 2004 book A Well-Ordered Thing (BasicBooks). When the German-language jour-
nal Zeitschrift für Chemie mistranslated an1869 Russian abstract by Dmitri Mendeleev,
a vehement priority dispute blew up between Mendeleev and German chemist Lothar Meyer. In a crucial sentence, The elements ordered according to the magnitude of their atomic weights show a periodic change in properties", a rushed translator used theScientific Babel:
The Language of
Science from the
Fall of Latin to the
Rise of English
MICHAEL GORDIN
Profile/Univ. Chicago
Press: 2015.
OWEN FRANKEN/CORBIS
154 | NATURE | VOL 519 | 12 MARCH 2015
BOOKS & ARTSCOMMENT
Learning English is essential for modern scientists - but German and French were once more significant.
© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet Gernot Wagner and Martin L. Weitzman PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS (2015) Economists Gernot Wagner and Martin Weitzman deliver a high- voltage shock in their analysis of the costs of climate change. With uncurbed emissions predicted to rise steeply by 2100, a radical reframing of the catastrophe as a global risk-management issue is due, they argue. Their blueprint is a three-step response: scream (call for business and policy-makers to snap to it); cope (adapt rapidly to events); and profit (invest in green industry). Barbara Kiser Science in Wonderland: The Scientific Fairy Tales of Victorian BritainMelanie Keene oXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS (2015)
The prodigious pace of Victorian research - from the unearthing of dinosaur fossils to the laying of a transatlantic telegraph cable posed a stiff pedagogical challenge. To deliver the new findings on nature to the public, writers seized on the era"s obsession with the supernatural. Science historian Melanie Keene argues here that many fairy tales of science" were educational gems: by harnessing tropes of the genre to communicate facts, they evoked a scientific wonder that truly came into its own in the age of quantum mechanics and relativity. (See M. Keene Nature 504, 374-375; 2013.) The Chimp and the River: How AIDS Emerged from an African ForestDavid Quammen W. W. NORTON (2015)
This intense study of the origins of AIDS is excerpted and adapted by David Quammen from his book Spillover (W. W. Norton, 2012; see N.Wolfe Nature 490, 33; 2012). With Sherlockian verve, Quammen traces the trail from the first human cases, through labs around the world, and finally to virologist Beatrice Hahn"s discovery that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), from which HIV-1 is derived, can kill wild chimpanzees. Quammen"s portrait of the real Patient Zero" as a Cameroonian hunter clumsily butchering a chimp is a masterful summing-up of the evidence. Producing Power: The Pre-Chernobyl History of the Soviet NuclearIndustry
Sonja D. Schmid MIT PRESS (2015)
In the annals of nuclear meltdown, the April 1986 explosion at Chernobyl in Soviet Ukraine remains the most devastating, contaminating thousands of square kilometres of land. This trenchant study by science historian Sonja Schmid digs deep into the catastrophe"s tangled prehistory to make nuanced sense of it. She unravels key scientific, social and political factors, from the plant"s lack of redundant" safety features to rivalries in the Soviet nuclear industry and inefficiencies in the country"s economy.Rust: The Longest War
Jonathan Waldman sIMON AND SCHUSTER (2015)
Corrosion has killed people in nuclear power plants, taken out planes in mid-air and reddened the face of Mars. So notes environmental journalist Jonathan Waldman in this dexterous technological study of this insidious process, which is nibbling away at Western civilization. The science compels, but what leap from the page are Waldman"s snapshots of rust geeks such as the team that rebuilt the hole- ridden metal skin of New York"s Statue of Liberty in the 1980s, and Bhaskar Neogi, integrity manager" of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, one of the heftiest metal objects in the Western Hemisphere.German word stufenweise ('phased') instead
of periodische ('periodic'); as a result, Meyer claimed precedence for his own research.When Mendeleev objected, Meyer replied:
It seems to me an excessive demand that we
German chemists read, besides those articles
appearing in the German and Romance lan- guages, also those in the Slavic languages".He did not mention English.
By the end of the nineteenth century,
scientists everywhere were obsessed with a multilingual information overload Gor- din"s scientific babel. The solution seemed to be an auxiliary universal language. Volapük (Worldspeak") was invented in 1880; the better-known Esperanto arose in 1887, and its offshoot, Ido, arrived in 1907. Gordin sympathetically analyses these artificial lan- guages taken seriously by leading scientists of the time through the lens of Ido advo- cate Wilhelm Ostwald, a Nobel-prizewinningGerman chemist. In-fighting dissolved the
movement, and Ostwald abandoned Ido during the First World War, championingGerman as an international language.
During the cold war, and especially after
the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, much scientific attention switched to literature in Rus- sian, which by 1970 reached 20% of the global output.In 1961, 85 Soviet
journals were being translated into Eng- lish, with US gov- ernment funding. Preposterous claims were made for machine translation from Russian into English. Both translation programmes were eventually abandoned in favour of increased Russian-language teaching for US scientists until the 1991 collapse of theSoviet Union sealed the fate of scientific Rus-
sian beyond its own borders. A lively Russian- language journals scene still prevails in Russia.Anglophone dominance is unlikely to
change soon, says Gordin. If scientific impor- tance were based on population, Spanish would be a major scientific language; if on geopolitical power, scientists would publish much more in Chinese. In the 1660s and later, philosopher and mathematician GottfriedLeibniz advocated a universal writing sys-
tem for science independent of any spoken language, similar to mathematical notation.This must stay a dream: intellectual activity
demands language. As the polyglot Gordin concludes, we remain bound to the con- straints of history, to the shackles of the words in human languages: untranslatable yet intel- ligible, frustrating yet infinitely beguiling". ■Andrew Robinson is the author of The
Story of Writing.
e-mail: andrew.robinson33@virgin.net12 MARCH 2015 | VOL 519 | NATURE | 155
BOOKS & ARTSCOMMENT
Books in brief
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