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SEVENTH EDITION

ELECTRONICDEVICES

AND

CIRCUITTHEORY

ROBERT BOYLESTAD

LOUIS NASHELSKY

PRENTICE HALL

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio

Contents

v

PREFACExiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSxvii

1SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES1

1.1Introduction 1

1.2Ideal Diode 1

1.3Semiconductor Materials 3

1.4Energy Levels 6

1.5Extrinsic Materials - n- and p-Type 7

1.6Semiconductor Diode 10

1.7Resistance Levels 17

1.8Diode Equivalent Circuits 24

1.9Diode Specification Sheets 27

1.10Transition and Diffusion Capacitance 31

1.11Reverse Recovery Time 32

1.12Semiconductor Diode Notation 32

1.13Diode Testing 33

1.14Zener Diodes 35

1.15Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 38

1.16Diode Arrays - Integrated Circuits 42

1.17PSpice Windows 43

2DIODE APPLICATIONS51

2.1Introduction 51

2.2Load-Line Analysis 52

2.3Diode Approximations 57

2.4Series Diode Configurations with DC Inputs 59

2.5Parallel and Series-Parallel Configurations 64

2.6AND/OR Gates 67

2.7Sinusoidal Inputs; Half-Wave Rectification 69

2.8Full-Wave Rectification 72

2.9Clippers 76

2.10Clampers 83

2.11Zener Diodes 87

2.12Voltage-Multiplier Circuits 94

2.13PSpice Windows 97

3BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS112

3.1Introduction 112

3.2Transistor Construction 113

3.3Transistor Operation 113

3.4Common-Base Configuration 115

3.5Transistor Amplifying Action 119

3.6Common-Emitter Configuration 120

3.7Common-Collector Configuration 127

3.8Limits of Operation 128

3.9Transistor Specification Sheet 130

3.10Transistor Testing 134

3.11Transistor Casing and Terminal Identification 136

3.12PSpice Windows 138

4DC BIASING - BJTS143

4.1Introduction 143

4.2Operating Point 144

4.3Fixed-Bias Circuit 146

4.4Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit 153

4.5Voltage-Divider Bias 157

4.6DC Bias with Voltage Feedback 165

4.7Miscellaneous Bias Configurations 168

4.8Design Operations 174

4.9Transistor Switching Networks 180

4.10Troubleshooting Techniques 185

4.11PNP Transistors 188

4.12Bias Stabilization 190

4.13PSpice Windows 199

5FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS211

5.1Introduction 211

5.2Construction and Characteristics of JFETs 212

5.3Transfer Characteristics 219

vi

Contents

5.4Specification Sheets (JFETs) 223

5.5Instrumentation 226

5.6Important Relationships 227

5.7Depletion-Type MOSFET 228

5.8Enhancement-Type MOSFET 234

5.9MOSFET Handling 242

5.10VMOS 243

5.11CMOS 244

5.12Summary Table 246

5.13PSpice Windows 247

6FET BIASING253

6.1Introduction 253

6.2Fixed-Bias Configuration 254

6.3Self-Bias Configuration 258

6.4Voltage-Divider Biasing 264

6.5Depletion-Type MOSFETs 270

6.6Enhancement-Type MOSFETs 274

6.7Summary Table 280

6.8Combination Networks 282

6.9Design 285

6.10Troubleshooting 287

6.11P-Channel FETs 288

6.12Universal JFET Bias Curve 291

6.13PSpice Windows 294

7BJT TRANSISTOR MODELING305

7.1Introduction 305

7.2Amplification in the AC Domain 305

7.3BJT Transistor Modeling 306

7.4The Important Parameters: Z

i , Z o , A v , A i 308

7.5The r

e

Transistor Model 314

7.6The Hybrid Equivalent Model 321

7.7Graphical Determination of the h-parameters 327

7.8Variations of Transistor Parameters 331

8BJT SMALL-SIGNAL ANALYSIS338

8.1Introduction 338

8.3Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration 338

8.3Voltage-Divider Bias 342

8.4CE Emitter-Bias Configuration 345

8.3Emitter-Follower Configuration 352

8.6Common-Base Configuration 358

vii

Contents

8.7Collector Feedback Configuration 360

8.8Collector DC Feedback Configuration 366

8.9Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit 369

8.10Complete Hybrid Equivalent Model 375

8.11Summary Table 382

8.12Troubleshooting 382

8.13PSpice Windows 385

9FET SMALL-SIGNAL ANALYSIS401

9.1Introduction 401

9.2FET Small-Signal Model 402

9.3JFET Fixed-Bias Configuration 410

9.4JFET Self-Bias Configuration 412

9.5JFET Voltage-Divider Configuration 418

9.6JFET Source-Follower (Common-Drain) Configuration 419

9.7JFET Common-Gate Configuration 422

9.8Depletion-Type MOSFETs 426

9.9Enhancement-Type MOSFETs 428

9.10E-MOSFET Drain-Feedback Configuration 429

9.11E-MOSFET Voltage-Divider Configuration 432

9.12Designing FET Amplifier Networks 433

9.13Summary Table 436

9.14Troubleshooting 439

9.15PSpice Windows 439

10

SYSTEMS APPROACH -

EFFECTS OF R

s AND R L 452

10.1Introduction 452

10.2Two-Port Systems 452

10.3Effect of a Load Impedance (R

L ) 454

10.4Effect of a Source Impedance (R

s ) 459

10.5Combined Effect of R

s and R L 461

10.6BJT CE Networks 463

10.7BJT Emitter-Follower Networks 468

10.8BJT CB Networks 471

10.9FET Networks 473

10.10Summary Table 476

10.11Cascaded Systems 480

10.12PSpice Windows 481

11BJT AND JFET FREQUENCY RESPONSE493

11.1Introduction 493

11.2Logarithms 493

11.3Decibels 497

viii

Contents

11.4General Frequency Considerations 500

11.5Low-Frequency Analysis - Bode Plot 503

11.6Low-Frequency Response - BJT Amplifier 508

11.7Low-Frequency Response - FET Amplifier 516

11.8Miller Effect Capacitance 520

11.9High-Frequency Response - BJT Amplifier 523

11.10High-Frequency Response - FET Amplifier 530

11.11Multistage Frequency Effects 534

11.12Square-Wave Testing 536

11.13PSpice Windows 538

12COMPOUND CONFIGURATIONS544

12.1Introduction 544

12.2Cascade Connection 544

12.3Cascode Connection 549

12.4Darlington Connection 550

12.5Feedback Pair 555

12.6CMOS Circuit 559

12.7Current Source Circuits 561

12.8Current Mirror Circuits 563

12.9Differential Amplifier Circuit 566

12.10BIFET, BIMOS, and CMOS Differential Amplifier Circuits 574

12.11PSpice Windows 575

13

DISCRETE AND IC

MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES588

13.1Introduction 588

13.2Semiconductor Materials, Si, Ge, and GaAs 588

13.3Discrete Diodes 590

13.4Transistor Fabrication 592

13.5Integrated Circuits 593

13.6Monolithic Integrated Circuit 595

13.7The Production Cycle 597

13.8Thin-Film and Thick-Film Integrated Circuits 607

13.9Hybrid Integrated Circuits 608

14OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS609

14.1Introduction 609

14.2Differential and Common-Mode Operation 611

14.3Op-Amp Basics 615

14.4Practical Op-Amp Circuits 619

14.5Op-Amp Specifications - DC Offset Parameters 625

14.6Op-Amp Specifications - Frequency Parameters 628

14.7Op-Amp Unit Specifications 632

14.8PSpice Windows 638

ix

Contents

15OP-AMP APPLICATIONS648

15.1Constant-Gain Multiplier 648

15.2Voltage Summing 652

15.3Voltage Buffer 655

15.4Controller Sources 656

15.5Instrumentation Circuits 658

15.6Active Filters 662

15.7PSpice Windows 666

16POWER AMPLIFIERS679

16.1Introduction - Definitions and Amplifier Types 679

16.2Series-Fed Class A Amplifier 681

16.3Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifier 686

16.4Class B Amplifier Operation 693

16.5Class B Amplifier Circuits 697

16.6Amplifier Distortion 704

16.7Power Transistor Heat Sinking 708

16.8Class C and Class D Amplifiers 712

16.9PSpice Windows 714

17LINEAR-DIGITAL ICs721

17.1Introduction 721

17.2Comparator Unit Operation 721

17.3Digital-Analog Converters 728

17.4Timer IC Unit Operation 732

17.5Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 735

17.6Phase-Locked Loop 738

17.7Interfacing Circuitry 742

17.8PSpice Windows 745

18FEEDBACK AND OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS751

18.1Feedback Concepts 751

18.2Feedback Connection Types 752

18.3Practical Feedback Circuits 758

18.4Feedback Amplifier - Phase and Frequency Considerations 765

18.5Oscillator Operation 767

18.6Phase-Shift Oscillator 769

18.7Wien Bridge Oscillator 772

18.8Tuned Oscillator Circuit 773

18.9Crystal Oscillator 776

18.10Unijunction Oscillator 780

x

Contents

19

POWER SUPPLIES

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