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A coefficient of 1 is typically omitted. It is common practice to use the smallest possible whole-number coefficients in a chemical equation as is done in this
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2020 AP Chemistry Exam Resources - Equations and Constants
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Equations. When carbon dioxide is dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium ... general region for value of energy of the orbital and the average distance of ...
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General Chemistry I Equation Sheet
McGraw-Hill Education. General Chemistry I Equation Sheet. Think about how to set up the problem first then apply the needed principles and formulas.
[PDF] Common Equations Used in Chemistry - SCTCC
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[PDF] Formula Sheet For General Chemistry
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[PDF] General Chemistry I Equation Sheet
McGraw-Hill Education General Chemistry I Equation Sheet Think about how to set up the problem first then apply the needed principles and formulas
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[PDF] General Chemistry Formula Sheet Pdf
1 General Chemistry Formula Sheet Pdf As recognized adventure as without difficulty as experience about lesson amusement as without
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The general form of a chemical equation is: Reactants ? Products. The reactants in a chemical equation are present at the beginning of the reaction, and the products are the substances that are produced in the reaction. The reactants are always written on the left side of the equation and the products on the right.What formulas are used in chemistry?
There are three basic types of chemical formula, the empirical formula, the molecular formula, and the structural formula.How can I memorize chemical formulas easily?
Memorizing Chemistry Using Repetition
As you become more familiar with a word/structure/sequence, it will become easier to remember it. This is the memorization method most of us use. We copy notes, use flashcard to recall information in a new order, and draw out structures over and over again from memory.- E=mc^2. For our first, we'll take perhaps the most famous equation of all. Albert Einstein's 1905 equation relating mass and energy is both elegant and superficially counterintuitive. It says that energy is equal to the mass of an object in its rest frame multiplied by the speed of light squared.
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MunéβrΔ 6E Oααr°βvny Sqrnα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 D
636 MurzvαβΔ' v° Mâ°βr-β 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 65
637 Zunαrα n°q Mynααvsvpnβvâ° âs WnββrΔ 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 6:
638 Zu'αvpny n°q Murzvpny ZΔâérΔβvrα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 7:
639 WrnαγΔrzr°βα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 7D
63: WrnαγΔrzr°β e°prΔβnv°β'1 KppγΔnp'1 n°q ZΔrpvαvâ° 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 8A
63A Wnβurznβvpny dΔrnβzr°β âs WrnαγΔrzr°β brαγyβα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 99
MunéβrΔ 7E Kβâzα1 Wâyrpγyrα1 n°q Sâ°α 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 AB
736 OnΔy' Sqrnα v° Kβâzvp durâΔ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 AC
737 Oπâyγβvâ° âs Kβâzvp durâΔ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 B7
738 Kβâzvp cβΔγpβγΔr n°q c'zoâyvαz 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 BC
739 Murzvpny PâΔzγynα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 CB
73: dur ZrΔvâqvp dnoyr 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 D8
73A WâyrpγynΔ n°q Sâ°vp Mâzéâγ°qα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 DB
73B Murzvpny Xâzr°pynβγΔr 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 65:
MunéβrΔ 8E Mâzéâαvβvâ° âs cγoαβn°prα n°q câyγβvâ°α 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 67D
836 PâΔzγyn Wnαα n°q βur Wâyr Mâ°préβ 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 685
837 NrβrΔzv°v°t OzévΔvpny n°q WâyrpγynΔ PâΔzγynα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 697
838 WâynΔvβ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 69D
839 YβurΔ e°vβα sâΔ câyγβvâ° Mâ°pr°βΔnβvâ°α 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 6:B
MunéβrΔ 9E cβâvpuvâzrβΔ' âs Murzvpny brnpβvâ°α 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 6B:
936 gΔvβv°t n°q Lnyn°pv°t Murzvpny Oøγnβvâ°α 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 6BA
937 Mynααvs'v°t Murzvpny brnpβvâ°α 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 6C7
938 brnpβvâ° cβâvpuvâzrβΔ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 6DA
939 brnpβvâ° ivryqα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 756
93: aγn°βvβnβvπr Murzvpny K°ny'αvα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 275A
MunéβrΔ :E durΔzâpurzvαβΔ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 786
:36 O°rΔt' Lnαvpα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 787
:37 MnyâΔvzrβΔ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 797
:38 O°βunyé' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 7::
MunéβrΔ AE OyrpβΔâ°vp cβΔγpβγΔr n°q ZrΔvâqvp ZΔâérΔβvrα âs Oyrzr°2βα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 7C6
A36 OyrpβΔâznt°rβvp O°rΔt' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 7C7
A37 dur LâuΔ Wâqry 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 7DA
A38 Nrπryâézr°β âs aγn°βγz durâΔ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 856
A39 OyrpβΔâ°vp cβΔγpβγΔr âs Kβâzα -OyrpβΔâ° Mâ°svtγΔnβvâ°α.2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 86:
A3: ZrΔvâqvp fnΔvnβvâ°α v° Oyrzr°β ZΔâérΔβvrα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2879
MunéβrΔ BE Murzvpny Lâ°qv°t n°q WâyrpγynΔ QrâzrβΔ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 89:
B36 Sâ°vp Lâ°qv°t 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 89A
B37 Mâπnyr°β Lâ°qv°t 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 89D
B38 Vrσvα c'zoâyα n°q cβΔγpβγΔrα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 28::
B39 PâΔzny MunΔtrα n°q brαâ°n°pr 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 8A:
B3: cβΔr°tβuα âs Sâ°vp n°q Mâπnyr°β Lâ°qα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 8B5
B3A WâyrpγynΔ cβΔγpβγΔr n°q ZâynΔvβ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 8BB
MunéβrΔ CE Kqπn°prq durâΔvrα âs Mâπnyr°β Lâ°qv°t 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2968
C36 fnyr°pr Lâ°q durâΔ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 969
C37 R'oΔvq Kβâzvp YΔovβnyα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 96C
C38 Wγyβvéyr Lâ°qα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 985
C39 WâyrpγynΔ YΔovβny durâΔ' 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 988
MunéβrΔ DE Qnαrα 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 9:D
9.1 F_r Oqdrrtqd . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 460
9.2 Qdk_shmf Oqdrrtqd, Unktld, @lntms, _mc Sdlodq_stqd: Sgd Hcd_k F_r K_v . . . . . . - . 469
9.3 Rsnhbghnldsqx ne F_rdntr Rtars_mbdr, Lhwstqdr, _mc Q-d_bshnmr . . . . . . - . . . . . . -483
9.4 Deetrhnm _mc Cheetrhnm ne F_rdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 495
9.5 Sgd Jhmdshb-Lnkdbtk_q Sgdnqx . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . -500
9.6 Mnm-Hcd_k F_r Adg_uhnq . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 506
Bg_osdq 10: Khpthcr _mc Rnkhcr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 525
10.1 Hmsdqlnkdbtk_q Enqbdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 526
10.2 Oqnodqshdr ne Khpthcr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 539
10.3 Og_rd Sq_mrhshnmr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - 545
10.4 Og_rd Ch_fq_lr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . 556
10.5 Sgd Rnkhc Rs_sd ne L_ssdq . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . 564
10.6 K_sshbd Rsqtbstqdr hm Bqxrs_kkhmd Rnkhcr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . 570
Bg_osdq 11: Rnktshnmr _mc Bnkknhcr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 603
11.1 Sgd Chrrnktshnm Oqnbdrr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 604
11.2 Dkdbsqnkxsdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 609
11.3 Rnktahkhsx . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 612
11.4 Bnkkhf_shud Oqnodqshdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 622
11.5 Bnkknhcr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 641
Bg_osdq 12: Jhmdshbr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 661
12.1 Bgdlhb_k Qd_bshnm Q_sdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . 662
12.2 E_bsnqr @eedbshmf Qd_bshnm Q_sdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 667
12.3 Q_sd K_vr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 670
12.4 Hmsdfq_sdc Q_sd K_vr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 678
12.5 Bnkkhrhnm Sgdnqx . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . 689
12.6 Qd_bshnm Ldbg_mhrlr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 695
12.7 B_s_kxrhr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 701
Bg_osdq 13: Etmc_ldms_k Dpthkhaqhtl Bnmbdosr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . 729
13.1 Bgdlhb_k Dpthkhaqh_ . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 730
13.2 Dpthkhaqhtl Bnmrs_msr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 734
13.3 Rgheshmf Dpthkhaqh_: Kd Bg¼sdkhdqπr Oqhmbhokd . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 743
13.4 Dpthkhaqhtl B_kbtk_shnmr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 749
Bg_osdq 14: @bhc-A_rd Dpthkhaqh_ . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 777
14.1 Aqïmrsdc-Knvqx @bhcr _mc A_rdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 778
14.2 oG _mc oNG . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 782
14.3 Qdk_shud Rsqdmfsgr ne @bhcr _mc A_rdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . 789
14.4 Gxcqnkxrhr ne R_ks Rnktshnmr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . 809
14.5 Onkxoqnshb @bhcr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . 817
14.6 Ateedqr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - 821
14.7 @bhc-A_rd Shsq_shnmr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 829
Bg_osdq 15: Dpthkhaqh_ ne Nsgdq Qd_bshnm Bk_rrdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . 855
15.1 Oqdbhohs_shnm _mc Chrrnktshnm . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . -856
15.2 Kdvhr @bhcr _mc A_rdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 873
15.3 Ltkshokd Dpthkhaqh_ . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - 878
Bg_osdq 16: Sgdqlncxm_lhbr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 901
16.1 Ronms_mdhsx . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 901
16.2 Dmsqnox . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 905
16.3 Sgd Rdbnmc _mc Sghqc K_vr ne Sgdqlncxm_lhbr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . 911
16.4 Eqdd Dmdqfx . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 916
Bg_osdq 17: Dkdbsqnbgdlhrsqx . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 937
17.1 A_k_mbhmf Nwhc_shnm-Qdctbshnm Qd_bshnmr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 938
17.2 F_ku_mhb Bdkkr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . 945Sghr bnmsdms hr _u_hk_akd enq eqdd _s
17.3 Rs_mc_qc Qdctbshnm Onsdmsh_kr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 950
17.4 Sgd Mdqmrs Dpt_shnm . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 956
17.5 A_ssdqhdr _mc Etdk Bdkkr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 960
17.6 Bnqqnrhnm . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 967
17.7 Dkdbsqnkxrhr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 970
Bg_osdq 18: Qdoqdrdms_shud Lds_kr, Lds_kknhcr, _mc Mnmlds_kr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . -987
18.1 Odqhnchbhsx . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 988
18.2 Nbbtqqdmbd _mc Oqdo_q_shnm ne sgd Qdoqdrdms_shud Lds_k-r . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 998
18.3 Rsqtbstqd _mc Fdmdq_k Oqnodqshdr ne sgd Lds_kknhcr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - 1002
18.4 Rsqtbstqd _mc Fdmdq_k Oqnodqshdr ne sgd Mnmlds_kr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 1011
18.5 Nbbtqqdmbd, Oqdo_q_shnm, _mc Bnlontmcr ne Gxcqnfdm . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 1019
18.6 Nbbtqqdmbd, Oqdo_q_shnm, _mc Oqnodqshdr ne B_qanm_sdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 1026
18.7 Nbbtqqdmbd, Oqdo_q_shnm, _mc Oqnodqshdr ne Mhsqnfdm . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 1029
18.8 Nbbtqqdmbd, Oqdo_q_shnm, _mc Oqnodqshdr ne Ognrognqtr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 1034
18.9 Nbbtqqdmbd, Oqdo_q_shnm, _mc Bnlontmcr ne Nwxfdm . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 1036
18.10 Nbbtqqdmbd, Oqdo_q_shnm, _mc Oqnodqshdr ne Rtketq . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 1052
18.11 Nbbtqqdmbd, Oqdo_q_shnm, _mc Oqnodqshdr ne G_knfdmr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 1054
18.12 Nbbtqqdmbd, Oqdo_q_shnm, _mc Oqnodqshdr ne sgd Mnakd- F_rdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - 1060
Bg_osdq 19: Sq_mrhshnm Lds_kr _mc Bnnqchm_shnm Bgdlhrsqx . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . 1077
19.1 Nbbtqqdmbd, Oqdo_q_shnm, _mc Oqnodqshdr ne Sq_mrhshnm Lds_kr _mc Sgdhq Bnlontmcr 1078
19.2 Bnnqchm_shnm Bgdlhrsqx ne Sq_mrhshnm Lds_kr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 1092
19.3 Rodbsqnrbnohb _mc L_fmdshb Oqnodqshdr ne Bnnqchm_shnm -Bnlontmcr . . . . . . - . . 1107
Bg_osdq 20: Nqf_mhb Bgdlhrsqx . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 1125
20.1 Gxcqnb_qanmr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . 1126
20.2 @kbngnkr _mc Dsgdqr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 1144
20.3 @kcdgxcdr, Jdsnmdr, B_qanwxkhb @bhcr, _mc Drsdqr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - 1149
20.4 @lhmdr _mc @lhcdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 1154
Bg_osdq 21: Mtbkd_q Bgdlhrsqx . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 1175
21.1 Mtbkd_q Rsqtbstqd _mc Rs_ahkhsx . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 1176
21.2 Mtbkd_q Dpt_shnmr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 1183
21.3 Q_chn_bshud Cdb_x . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 1186
21.4 Sq_mrlts_shnm _mc Mtbkd_q Dmdqfx . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . 1198
21.5 Trdr ne Q_chnhrnsnodr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . 1213
21.6 Ahnknfhb_k Deedbsr ne Q_ch_shnm . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 1218
@ Sgd Odqhnchb S_akd . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 1239
A Drrdmsh_k L_sgdl_shbr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . 1241
B Tmhsr _mc Bnmudqrhnm E_bsnqr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 1249
C Etmc_ldms_k Ogxrhb_k Bnmrs_msr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . 1251
D V_sdq Oqnodqshdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 1253
E Bnlonrhshnm ne Bnlldqbh_k @bhcr _mc A_rdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . 1259
F Rs_mc_qc Sgdqlncxm_lhb Oqnodqshdr enq Rdkdbsdc Rtars_mbdr- . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 1261
G Hnmhy_shnm Bnmrs_msr ne Vd_j @bhcr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - 1277
H Hnmhy_shnm Bnmrs_msr ne Vd_j A_rdr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - 1281
I Rnktahkhsx Oqnctbsr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . 1283
J Enql_shnm Bnmrs_msr enq Bnlokdw Hnmr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 1289
K Rs_mc_qc Dkdbsqncd (G_ke-Bdkk) Onsdmsh_kr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . 1291
L G_ke-Khudr enq Rdudq_k Q_chn_bshud Hrnsnodr . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . 1299
Hmcdw . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . . - . . . . . 1377
Sghr bnmsdms hr _u_hk_akd enq eqdd _s
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;elYhU[Y UdX KWefYPreface1OurBgdlhrsqxtextbook adheres to the scope and sequence of most general chemistry courses nationwide. We strive
to make chemistry, as a discipline, interesting and accessible to students. With this objective in mind, the content of
this textbook has been developed and arranged to provide a logical progression from fundamental to more advanced
concepts of chemical science. Topics are introduced within the context of familiar experiences whenever possible,
treated with an appropriate rigor to satisfy the intellect of the learner, and reinforced in subsequent discussions of
related content. The organization and pedagogical features were developed and vetted with feedback from chemistry
educators dedicated to the project.Chapter 1: Essential Ideas
Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Chapter 3: Composition of Substances and Solutio-nsChapter 4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
Chapter 5: Thermochemistry
Chapter 6: Electronic Structures and Periodic Pr-operties of Elements Chapter 7: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geomet-ryChapter 8: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding-
Chapter 9: Gases
Chapter 10: Liquids and Solids
Chapter 11: Solutions and Colloids
Chapter 12: Kinetics
Chapter 13: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
Chapter 14: Acid-Base Equilibria
Chapter 15: Equilibria of Other Reaction Clas-ses
Chapter 16: Thermodynamics
Chapter 17: Electrochemistry
Chapter 18: Representative Metals, Metalloids, -and Nonmetals Chapter 19: Transition Metals and Coordination ChemistryChapter 20: Organic Chemistry
Chapter 21: Nuclear Chemistry
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ThroughoutBgdlhrsqx, you will find features that draw the students into scientific inquiry by taking selected topics a
step further. Students and educators alike will appreciate d-iscussions in these feature boxes.8XU_Yfgel Ya :iUelTQl BYVUties chemistry concepts to everyday issues and real-world applications of
science that students encounter in their lives. Topics include cell phones, solar thermal energy power plants,
plastics recycling, and measuring blood pressure.=bj ISYUaSUf >agUeSbaaUSgfeature boxes discuss chemistry in context of its interconnectedness with other
scientific disciplines. Topics include neurotransmitters, greenhouse gases and climate change, and proteins
and enzymes.FbegeQYg bV Q 8XU_Yfgfeatures present a short bio and an introduction to the work of prominent figures from
history and present day so that students can see the "face" of contributors in this field as well as science in
action. Gtruwknksxo°k Ewy Uwtmwgr2Preface3DEO?KJPAJPEO=R=EH=>HABKNBNAA=POur art program is designed to enhance students' understanding of concepts through clear, effective illustrations,
diagrams, and photographs.ZΔrsnpr8AdjYhUWj_lYi L]Uj =d[U[Y
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TED talks
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In-chapterFybnqmftwalk students through problems by posing a question, stepping out a solution, and then asking
students to practice the skill with a "Check Your Learning" component. The book also includes assessments at the
end of each chapter so students can apply what -they've learned through practice problems.Dxsq.Invwx Dpxjvrfxj Vjuyjrhnrl
7WT]Xefdkwas conceived and written to fit a particular topical sequence, but it can be used flexibly to accommodate
other course structures. Some instructors prefer to organize their course in a molecule-first or atom-first organization.
For professors who use this approach, our OpenStax7WT]Xefdktextbook can be sequenced to fit this pedagogy. Please
consider, however, that the chapters were not written to be completely independent, and that the proposed alternate
sequence should be carefully considered for student preparation and textual consistency. We recommend these shifts
in the table of contents structure if you plan -to create a molecule/atom-first version of this -text for your students:
Chapter 1: Essential Ideas
Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Chapter 6: Electronic Structure and Periodic Pro-perties of Elements Chapter 7: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geomet-ryChapter 8: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding-
Chapter 3: Composition of Substances and Solutio-nsChapter 4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
Chapter 5: Thermochemistry
Chapter 9: Gases
Chapter 10: Liquids and Solids
Chapter 11: Solutions and Colloids
Chapter 12: Kinetics
Chapter 13: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
Chapter 14: Acid-Base Equilibria
Chapter 15: Equilibria of Other Reaction Clas-ses
Chapter 16: Thermodynamics
Chapter 17: Electrochemistry
Chapter 18: Representative Metals, Metalloids, -and Nonmetals Chapter 19: Transition Metals and Coordination ChemistryChapter 20: Organic Chemistry
Chapter 21: Nuclear Chemistry
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OpenStax projects offer an array of ancillaries for students and ins-tructors. The following resources are available.
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=_efdgRfadµe Ga[gfXa_ AP_gP[Our resources are continually expanding, so please visit http://openstaxcollege.org to view an up-to-date list of the
Learning Resources for this title and to find in-formation on accessing these resources.Preface59Vekj Gkh LYUc
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