Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes Organic chemistry PDF

IUPAC nomenclature is based on naming a molecule's longest chain of carbons connected by Alkyl (see list below). R— alkyl-. ----------. Alkoxy. R— O — alkoxy ...

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7 जून 2023 the declaration of IUPAC name and CAS number of the constituent chemicals for ... IDENTIFIERS FOR DUAL USE PRODUCTS AS PER SCOMET LIST PUBLISHED ...

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Zewail- Answers to: Practice Chemical Formulas. Write chemical formulas for the ionic compounds made from each set of ions: Name of cation Name of anion.

Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes Organic chemistry

Learn the IUPAC system for naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. • Learn the important physical and chemical properties of the alkanes. Chapter 1. Organic Compounds:.

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Alkanes a. Give the IUPAC name for each of the following: 1. 2. 2-methylbutane. 23-dimethylbutane.

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https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/index_2353/Chapter_03_2SPP.pdf

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IUPAC nomenclature is based on naming a molecule's longest chain of carbons connected by single bonds whether in a continuous Alkyl (see list below).

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Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes Organic chemistry

Learn the IUPAC system for naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. • Learn the important physical and chemical properties of the alkanes. Chapter 1.

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Handout: Naming Organic Compounds. A. IUPAC Naming. General Rules: Prefix + Parent + Suffix. 1. Name parent+suffix: longest carbon chain + family suffix.

Chapter 3 Alcohols Phenols

https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/index_2353/Chapter_03_2SPP.pdf

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The names of organic molecules are divided into three parts; IUPAC Nomenclature for Hydrocarbons. Alkanes ... A list of numbers are separated from each.

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However the common name benzaldehyde is also accepted by IUPAC. Other aromatic aldehydes are hence named as substituted benzaldehydes. 2022-23. Page 4

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name hydrocarbons according to. IUPAC system of nomenclature;. • recognise and write structures of isomers of alkanes alkenes

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In summary, the name of the compound is written out with the substituents in alphabetical order followed by the base name (derived from the number of carbons in the parent chain). Commas are used between numbers and dashes are used between letters and numbers. There are no spaces in the name.
What is your IUPAC name?
In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is published in the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (informally called the Blue Book).
What is 8 in IUPAC name?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

Chapter 1 Alkanes

Mr. Kevin A. Boudreaux

Angelo State University

CHEM 2353 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

Organic and Biochemistry for Today (Seager & Slabaugh) www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea

Chapter Objectives:

•Learn the differences between organic and inorganic compounds. •Learn how to identify isomers of organic compounds. •Learn how to write condensed, expanded, and line structures for organic compounds. •Learn how to recognize the alkane functional group in organic compounds. •Learn the IUPAC system for naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. •Learn the important physical and chemical properties of the alkanes.

Chapter 1 Organic Compounds:

Alkanes

Organic chemistry nowadaysalmost drives me mad. Tome it appears like a primevaltropical forest full of themost remarkable things, adreadful endless jungle intowhich one does not dareenter, for there seems tobe no way out.

Chapter 1 Alkanes

2 3 4

What Do We Mean By "Organic"?

• In everyday usage, the word organiccan be found in several different contexts:

- chemicals extracted from plants and animals were originally called "organic" because they came from living organisms.

- organic fertilizers are obtained from living organisms. - organic foods are foods grown without the use of pesticides or synthetic fertilizers.

• In chemistry, the words "organic" and "organic chemistry" are defined a little more precisely:

Chapter 1 Alkanes

3 5

What is Organic Chemistry?

•Organic chemistryis concerned with the study of the structure and properties of compounds containing carbon.

- All organic compounds contain carbon atoms. - Inorganic compounds contain no carbons. Most inorganic compounds are ionic compounds.

• Some carbon compounds are not considered to be organic (mostly for historical reasons), such as CO, CO

2 , diamond, graphite, and salts of carbon-containing polyatomic ions (e.g., CO 32-
, CN •Inorganic chemistry is the study of the other elements and non-carbon containing compounds. 6

The Periodic Table

• There are 92 naturally occurring elements, and many artificial ones, in the (in)famous Periodic Table:

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu

ThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr

NaMgAlSiPSClAr

LiBeBCNOFNe

HHe

FrRaAcRfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgCn

I A II A

III B IV B V B VI B VII B

III BI B II BIII A IV A V A VI A VII A

VIII A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Lanthanides

Actinides

FlLv

Chapter 1 Alkanes

4 7

The Periodic Table of Organic Chemistry

• Organic chemists look at the Periodic Table a little differently:

CrMnFe CoNiCuBr

Pd I PtMg

AlPSClB

NOFH C 8

Origins of Organic Chemistry

• Organic literally means "derived from living organisms" - organic chemistry was originally the study of compounds extracted from living organisms and their natural products.

• It was believed that only living organisms possessed the "vital force" necessary to create organic compounds ("vitalism").

NH 4+

OCNHeat

Ammonium

Cyanate UreaC

O NN HH HH

Chapter 1 Alkanes

5 9

Origins of Organic Chemistry

• What this and later experiments showed was that "organic" molecules - even those made by living organisms - can be handled and synthesized just like minerals and metals

• What was special about these molecules was that they contained the element carbon. 10

What's So Great About Carbon?

• Carbons atoms can be linked by strong, stable covalent bonds. C neutral carbon, C C carbon cation, C 4+ C carbide anion, C 4- CHH HH CH H HH

Chapter 1 Alkanes

6 11

What's So Great About Carbon?

• Carbon atoms can form stable bonds to many other elements(H, F, Cl, Br, I, O, N, S, P, etc.). Most organic compounds contain a few hydrogens, and sometimes oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, etc.

• Carbon atoms can form complex structures, such as long chains, branched chains, rings, chiralcompounds (having a particular "handedness"), complex 3D shapes, etc.

• Because of this variety in bonding and complexity, carbon atoms can form a tremendous variety of compounds. More than 16,000,000 organic compounds are known, as opposed to about 600,000 inorganic compounds.

What's So Great About Carbon?

• Complex organic compounds can perform a number of useful biological functions(vitamins, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, ATP, DNA, RNA are all organic compounds) which are studied in biochemistry.

• Complex organic compounds are present in the foodswe eat (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, etc.)

•Most medicines, whether they come from a chemical plant or a green plant, are organic compounds.

•Most fuelsare organic compounds (wood, coal, natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, oil, and other petroleum-based products).

• Complex organic compounds are also useful in technology (paints, plastics, rubber, textiles, etc.).

Chapter 1 Alkanes

7 13

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

• Organic compounds are held together by covalent bonds, while inorganic compounds are held together by ionic bonds.

CH H

HHmethane

sodium chloride Na Cl Na Cl Na Cl CH H HH Na Cl Na Na Cl CH H HH Cl Na Cl Cl Na 14

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

Property Organic Inorganic

Bonding within moleculesCovalent Often ionic

Forces between moleculesGenerally weak Quite strong

Normal physical state

Gases, liquids, or low melting-point solidsUsually high melting-point solids

Flammability Often flammable

Usually nonflammable

Solubility in water Often low Often high

Conductivity of aqueous solutionsNonconductor ConductorTable 1.1Properties of typical organicand inorganic compounds.

Chapter 1 Alkanes

8 15 16

Atomic Orbitals on Carbon

• A carbon atom does not form ions easily, since it has four valence electrons (1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 ). It satisfies the octet rule in compounds by sharing electrons. • These are the orbitals that exist on atomic carbon (not connected to anything). sorbital porbital 2s2p

Energy

Chapter 1 Alkanes

9 17

Hybrid Orbitals

• When carbon atoms form bonds with each other, we describe the resulting bonds using hybrid orbitals, which are formed by mixing (hybridizing) the carbon's atomic orbitals. (Linus Pauling, 1950s)

• When carbon atoms bond to 4 other atoms, the 2sorbital and all three 2porbitals in the valence shell combine to produce four sp

3 hybrid orbitals: 2s

1 atomic

orbital 2p

3 atomic

orbitals sp 3

4 hybrid

orbitals 18 2s2p

Energy

1ssp 3 1s hybridization

Hybrid Orbitals

• All four sp 3 orbitals are at the same energy level, with one electron in each hybrid orbital.

Chapter 1 Alkanes

10 19

The Shape of an sp

Carbon

• In order to get as far away from each other as possible (thus minimizing electron-electron repulsions), the sp

orbitals are arranged in the shape of a tetrahedronaround the central carbon atom, with bond angles of 109.5º.

CC109.5°

sp 3 sp 3 sp 3 sp 3 20

The Shape of an sp

Carbon

Chapter 1 Alkanes

11 21

Bonding in Ethane

• Bonds arise from the overlapof orbitals on adjacent atoms. - End-on-end overlap of sp 3 orbitals produces a -bond(sigma bond). - All single bonds are -bonds. -Free rotationis possible around -bonds. • Each carbon in the ethane molecule, CH 3 CH 3 , is sp 3

-hybridized and tetrahedral in shape. Free rotation is possible around the C - C bond. (See next slide)

Bonding in Ethane (CH

3 CH 3 CHCH H H H H C HC H H H H H

Chapter 1 Alkanes

12 23

Carbon Chains

• Each carbon atom can form four bonds, either to other carbon atoms, or to different atoms (such as H, O, N, S, P, etc.)

=CC

Threemoresites

to make bonds CCCC

CCCCCCCCC

CCCCCC

etc. 24

Multiple Bonds

• Carbon atoms form four bonds to other things, but sometimes those bonds are multiple bonds(double or triple bonds):

CCCC triplebondresults from the sharingof sixelectrons

CCCCCCCC

double bondresults from the sharingof fourelectronssingle bond results from the sharing of twoelectrons

Chapter 1 Alkanes

13 25

Isomers

•Isomers - compounds having identical molecular formulas, but different arrangements of atoms. •Structural Isomers - the atoms in each molecule are connected in a different order. C 2 H 6 O CHH H CH H

OH OCCHH

H HH H

Ethyl Alcohol Dimethyl Ether

Colorless liquid

mp -117°C bp 78.5°C density 0.789 g/mL (20°C)

IntoxicantColorless gas

mp -139°C bp -25°C density 0.00195 g/mL (20°C)

Refrigerant

Examples: Isomers

• Draw all possible structures having the formulas C 4 H 10 , C 5 H 12 , and C 6 H 14 C 7 H 16

9 isomers

C 8 H 18

13 isomers

C 9 H 20

35 isomers

C 10 H 22

75 isomers

C 20 H 42

366,319 isomers

C 30
H 62

4,111,846,763 isomers!

C 40
Hquotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20

[PDF] Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes Organic chemistry

How do you name an IUPAC list?

What is your IUPAC name?

What is 8 in IUPAC name?

Chapter 1 Alkanes

Mr. Kevin A. Boudreaux

Angelo State University

CHEM 2353 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

Chapter Objectives:

Chapter 1

Organic Compounds:

Alkanes

Chapter 1 Alkanes

What Do We Mean By "Organic"?

Chapter 1 Alkanes

What is Organic Chemistry?

The Periodic Table

CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu

ThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr

NaMgAlSiPSClAr

LiBeBCNOFNe

FrRaAcRfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgCn

III B IV B V B VI B VII B

III BI B II BIII A IV A V A VI A VII A

VIII A

Lanthanides

Actinides

Chapter 1 Alkanes

The Periodic Table of Organic Chemistry

CrMnFe CoNiCuBr

AlPSClB

Origins of Organic Chemistry

OCNHeat

Ammonium

Cyanate UreaC

Chapter 1 Alkanes

Origins of Organic Chemistry

What's So Great About Carbon?

Chapter 1 Alkanes

What's So Great About Carbon?

What's So Great About Carbon?

Chapter 1 Alkanes

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

HHmethane

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

Property Organic Inorganic

Bonding within moleculesCovalent Often ionic

Normal physical state

Flammability Often flammable

Usually nonflammable

Solubility in water Often low Often high

Chapter 1 Alkanes

Atomic Orbitals on Carbon

Energy

Chapter 1 Alkanes

Hybrid Orbitals

1 atomic

3 atomic

4 hybrid

Energy

Hybrid Orbitals

Chapter 1 Alkanes

The Shape of an sp

Carbon

CC109.5°

The Shape of an sp

Carbon

Chapter 1 Alkanes

Bonding in Ethane

Bonding in Ethane (CH

Chapter 1 Alkanes

Carbon Chains

Threemoresites

CCCCCCCCC

CCCCCC

Multiple Bonds

CCCCCCCC

Chapter 1 Alkanes

Isomers

OH OCCHH