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The Java® Virtual

Machine Specification

Java SE 11 Edition

Tim Lindholm

Frank Yellin

Gilad Bracha

Alex Buckley

Daniel Smith

2018-08-21

Specification: JSR-384 Java SE 11 (18.9) ("Specification")

Version: 11

Status: Final Release

Specification Lead: Oracle America, Inc. ("Specification Lead")

Release: September 2018

Copyright © 1997, 2018, Oracle America, Inc.

All rights reserved.

The Specification provided herein is provided to you only under the Limited License Grant included herein as Appendix A. Please see Appendix A, Limited License Grant. iiiTable of Contents

1Introduction1

1.1A Bit of History1

1.2The Java Virtual Machine2

1.3Organization of the Specification3

1.4Notation4

1.5Feedback4

2The Structure of the Java Virtual Machine5

2.1The class File Format5

2.2Data Types6

2.3Primitive Types and Values6

2.3.1Integral Types and Values7

2.3.2Floating-Point Types, Value Sets, and Values8

2.3.3The returnAddress Type and Values10

2.3.4The boolean Type10

2.4Reference Types and Values11

2.5Run-Time Data Areas11

2.5.1The pc Register12

2.5.2Java Virtual Machine Stacks12

2.5.3Heap13

2.5.4Method Area13

2.5.5Run-Time Constant Pool14

2.5.6Native Method Stacks14

2.6Frames15

2.6.1Local Variables16

2.6.2Operand Stacks17

2.6.3Dynamic Linking18

2.6.4Normal Method Invocation Completion18

2.6.5Abrupt Method Invocation Completion18

2.7Representation of Objects19

2.8Floating-Point Arithmetic19

2.8.1Java Virtual Machine Floating-Point Arithmetic and IEEE

75419

2.8.2Floating-Point Modes20

2.8.3Value Set Conversion20

2.9Special Methods22

2.9.1Instance Initialization Methods22

2.9.2Class Initialization Methods22

2.9.3Signature Polymorphic Methods23

2.10Exceptions23

The Java® Virtual Machine Specificationiv2.11Instruction Set Summary26

2.11.1Types and the Java Virtual Machine26

2.11.2Load and Store Instructions29

2.11.3Arithmetic Instructions30

2.11.4Type Conversion Instructions32

2.11.5Object Creation and Manipulation34

2.11.6Operand Stack Management Instructions34

2.11.7Control Transfer Instructions34

2.11.8Method Invocation and Return Instructions35

2.11.9Throwing Exceptions36

2.11.10Synchronization36

2.12Class Libraries37

2.13Public Design, Private Implementation37

3Compiling for the Java Virtual Machine39

3.1Format of Examples39

3.2Use of Constants, Local Variables, and Control Constructs40

3.3Arithmetic45

3.4Accessing the Run-Time Constant Pool46

3.5More Control Examples47

3.6Receiving Arguments50

3.7Invoking Methods51

3.8Working with Class Instances53

3.9Arrays55

3.10Compiling Switches57

3.11Operations on the Operand Stack59

3.12Throwing and Handling Exceptions59

3.13Compiling finally63

3.14Synchronization66

3.15Annotations67

3.16Modules68

4The class File Format71

4.1The ClassFile Structure72

4.2Names77

4.2.1Binary Class and Interface Names77

4.2.2Unqualified Names78

4.2.3Module and Package Names78

4.3Descriptors79

4.3.1Grammar Notation79

4.3.2Field Descriptors79

4.3.3Method Descriptors81

4.4The Constant Pool82

4.4.1The CONSTANT_Class_info Structure85

4.4.2The CONSTANT_Fieldref_info, CONSTANT_Methodref_info, and

CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info Structures86

4.4.3The CONSTANT_String_info Structure87

The Java® Virtual Machine Specificationv4.4.4The CONSTANT_Integer_info and CONSTANT_Float_info

Structures87

4.4.5The CONSTANT_Long_info and CONSTANT_Double_info

Structures89

4.4.6The CONSTANT_NameAndType_info Structure90

4.4.7The CONSTANT_Utf8_info Structure91

4.4.8The CONSTANT_MethodHandle_info Structure93

4.4.9The CONSTANT_MethodType_info Structure95

4.4.10The CONSTANT_Dynamic_info and

CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info Structures95

4.4.11The CONSTANT_Module_info Structure96

4.4.12The CONSTANT_Package_info Structure97

4.5Fields98

4.6Methods100

4.7Attributes103

4.7.1Defining and Naming New Attributes110

4.7.2The ConstantValue Attribute110

4.7.3The Code Attribute111

4.7.4The StackMapTable Attribute115

4.7.5The Exceptions Attribute122

4.7.6The InnerClasses Attribute123

4.7.7The EnclosingMethod Attribute126

4.7.8The Synthetic Attribute127

4.7.9The Signature Attribute128

4.7.9.1Signatures129

4.7.10The SourceFile Attribute133

4.7.11The SourceDebugExtension Attribute133

4.7.12The LineNumberTable Attribute134

4.7.13The LocalVariableTable Attribute135

4.7.14The LocalVariableTypeTable Attribute137

4.7.15The Deprecated Attribute139

4.7.16The RuntimeVisibleAnnotations Attribute140

4.7.16.1The element_value structure142

4.7.17The RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations Attribute145

4.7.18The RuntimeVisibleParameterAnnotations Attribute146

4.7.19The RuntimeInvisibleParameterAnnotations Attribute147

4.7.20The RuntimeVisibleTypeAnnotations Attribute149

4.7.20.1The target_info union155

4.7.20.2The type_path structure159

4.7.21The RuntimeInvisibleTypeAnnotations Attribute163

4.7.22The AnnotationDefault Attribute164

4.7.23The BootstrapMethods Attribute165

4.7.24The MethodParameters Attribute167

4.7.25The Module Attribute169

4.7.26The ModulePackages Attribute176

4.7.27The ModuleMainClass Attribute177

4.7.28The NestHost Attribute178

4.7.29The NestMembers Attribute178

The Java® Virtual Machine Specificationvi4.8Format Checking180

4.9Constraints on Java Virtual Machine Code180

4.9.1Static Constraints181

4.9.2Structural Constraints184

4.10Verification of class Files188

4.10.1Verification by Type Checking189

4.10.1.1Accessors for Java Virtual Machine Artifacts192

4.10.1.2Verification Type System196

4.10.1.3Instruction Representation200

4.10.1.4Stack Map Frames and Type Transitions202

4.10.1.5Type Checking Abstract and Native Methods207

4.10.1.6Type Checking Methods with Code210

4.10.1.7Type Checking Load and Store Instructions219

4.10.1.8Type Checking for protected Members221

4.10.1.9Type Checking Instructions224

4.10.2Verification by Type Inference343

4.10.2.1The Process of Verification by Type Inference343

4.10.2.2The Bytecode Verifier343

4.10.2.3Values of Types long and double347

4.10.2.4Instance Initialization Methods and Newly Created

Objects347

4.10.2.5Exceptions and finally349

4.11Limitations of the Java Virtual Machine351

5Loading, Linking, and Initializing353

5.1The Run-Time Constant Pool353

5.2Java Virtual Machine Startup356

5.3Creation and Loading357

5.3.1Loading Using the Bootstrap Class Loader359

5.3.2Loading Using a User-defined Class Loader359

5.3.3Creating Array Classes360

5.3.4Loading Constraints361

5.3.5Deriving a Class from a class File Representation362

5.3.6Modules and Layers364

5.4Linking366

5.4.1Verification367

5.4.2Preparation367

5.4.3Resolution368

5.4.3.1Class and Interface Resolution370

5.4.3.2Field Resolution371

5.4.3.3Method Resolution372

5.4.3.4Interface Method Resolution374

5.4.3.5Method Type and Method Handle Resolution375

5.4.3.6Dynamically-Computed Constant and Call Site

Resolution379

5.4.4Access Control384

5.4.5Method Overriding386

The Java® Virtual Machine Specificationvii5.4.6Method Selection387

5.5Initialization387

5.6Binding Native Method Implementations390

5.7Java Virtual Machine Exit391

6The Java Virtual Machine Instruction Set393

6.1Assumptions: The Meaning of "Must"393

6.2Reserved Opcodes394

6.3Virtual Machine Errors394

6.4Format of Instruction Descriptions395

mnemonic396

6.5Instructions398

aaload399 aastore400 aconst_null402 aload403 aload_404 anewarray405 areturn406 arraylength407 astore408 astore_409 athrow410 baload412 bastore413 bipush414 caload415 castore416 checkcast417 d2f419 d2i420 d2l421 dadd422 daload424 dastore425 dcmp426 dconst_428 ddiv429 dload431 dload_432 dmul433 dneg435 drem436 dreturn438 dstore439 dstore_440 dsub441 The Java® Virtual Machine Specificationviiidup442 dup_x1443 dup_x2444 dup2445 dup2_x1446 dup2_x2447 f2d449 f2i450 f2l451 fadd452 faload454 fastore455 fcmp456 fconst_458 fdiv459 fload461 fload_462 fmul463 fneg465 frem466 freturn468 fstore469 fstore_470 fsub471 getfield472 getstatic473 goto475 goto_w476 i2b477 i2c478 i2d479 i2f480 i2l481 i2s482 iadd483quotesdbs_dbs21.pdfusesText_27

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