Kotlin Language Documentation 1.7.10
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Previously before the Java is considered the official language for Android Development. Kotlin is made official for Android Development in Google I/O 2017.
Why did developers migrate Android applications from Java to Kotlin?
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Perception and effects of implementing Kotlin in existing projects
performed a case study to see how Java developers perceive the Kotlin language code re-write and the state of things before any changes were proposed.
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foundational Java APIs before jumping into Android app development. Table of Contents 1. Getting Started with Java 2. Learning Language Fundamentals 3.
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[PDF] Android Programming with Kotlin for Beginners
If you do have previous programming (Kotlin Java or any other language) waste any time before getting started developing Android apps
[PDF] Preview Kotlin Tutorial (PDF Version) - Tutorialspoint
Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic understanding of Java programming language Although it is a beginners' tutorial
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Assuming you already have some Java programming experience are ready to download Android Studio and the Android SDK have access to a Windows Mac or Linux
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1 mar 2023 · Kotlin is 100 interoperable with Java so you can include as little or as much Kotlin code in your app as you want
[PDF] Kotlin Language Documentation 1820
7 déc 2020 · Learn more about Kotlin for server-side: How to write your first unit test How to mix Kotlin and Java code in your application
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For example it has always been possible to write Java code in a functional style but few programmers did before Java 8—for good reasons Here's Kotlin
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Kotlin is also an object-oriented language but unlike Java (no support until Java 8) it also supports functional constructions Kotlin can be used both in
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[PDF] Android Programming with Kotlin for Beginners
If you do have previous programming (Kotlin Java or any other language) waste any time before getting started developing Android apps
[PDF] Kotlin - RIP Tutorial
Kotlin is a statically-typed object-oriented programming language developed by JetBrains primarily targeting the JVM Kotlin is developed with the goals of
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Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic understanding of Java programming language Although it is a beginners' tutorial
[PDF] Kotlin Language Documentation 1820
7 déc 2020 · Learn more about Kotlin for server-side: How to write your first unit test How to mix Kotlin and Java code in your application
[PDF] Comparative study Java vs Kotlin
Kotlin is also an object-oriented language but unlike Java (no support until Java 8) it also supports functional constructions Kotlin can be used both in
Can I learn Kotlin before Java?
You can start with Kotlin without having any knowledge of Java. You can find many resources on the internet to learn Kotlin. You can comparatively find fewer examples of codes in Kotlin than in Java.Is it easier to learn Kotlin after Java?
Kotlin language is very easy to learn. Developers interested in Kotlin must master the basics first and then learn more about design and syntax capabilities. Developers with Python or Java backgrounds can learn Kotlin faster. In Java, extension functions are not available.- Kotlin is an expressive and concise programming language that reduces common code errors and easily integrates into existing apps. If you're looking to build an Android app, we recommend starting with Kotlin to take advantage of its best-in-class features.
Learn Kotlin for
Android
Development
The Next Generation Language for
Modern Android Apps Programming
Learn Kotlin for
Android Development
The Next Generation Language for
Modern Android Apps Programming
Leipzig, Germany
Learn Kotlin for Android Development: e Next Generation Language for ModernAndroid Apps Programming
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vTable of Contents
Chapter 1: Your First Kotlin Application: Hello Kotlin ...............................................1
Setting Up an ide: Android Studio .................................................................................................1
Connecting Your Android Device ...................................................................................................3
Starting Your First Kotlin App ........................................................................................................5
Setting Up and Using Emulators ...................................................................................................6
Continuing with the HelloKotlin App ..............................................................................................8
Using the Command Line ............................................................................................................12
Chapter 2: Classes and Objects: Object Orientation Philosophy .............................15Kotlin and Object-Oriented programming ...................................................................................18
Class Declaration ...................................................................................................................18
Exercise 1 ..............................................................................................................................19
Property Declaration ..............................................................................................................20
Exercise 2 ..............................................................................................................................21
Exercise 3 ..............................................................................................................................21
Class Initialization..................................................................................................................22
Exercise 4 ..............................................................................................................................23
Exercise 5 ..............................................................................................................................23
An Invoice in Kotlin ................................................................................................................24
More Invoice Properties .........................................................................................................25
Invoice Initialization ...............................................................................................................25
Exercise 6 ..............................................................................................................................26
Instantiation in Kotlin .............................................................................................................26
About the Author ...................................................................................................xvii
About the Technical Reviewer ................................................................................xix
Introduction ............................................................................................................xxiwww.EBooksWorld.ir
viAdding Functions to Invoices .................................................................................................27
Exercise 7 ..............................................................................................................................30
The Complete Invoice Class ...................................................................................................30
A Simple Number Guessing Game ..............................................................................................31
Constructors ................................................................................................................................41
Exercise 8 ..............................................................................................................................43
Constructor Invocation ..........................................................................................................43
Exercise 9 ..............................................................................................................................43
Exercise 10 ............................................................................................................................44
Named Constructor Parameters ............................................................................................44
Exercise 11 ............................................................................................................................44
Exercise 12 ............................................................................................................................45
Constructor Default Values ....................................................................................................45
Exercise 13 ............................................................................................................................46
Exercise 14 ............................................................................................................................46
Secondary Constructors ........................................................................................................46
Exercise 15 ............................................................................................................................48
If Classes Are Not Needed: Singleton Objects .............................................................................49
Exercise 16 ............................................................................................................................51
Exercise 17 ............................................................................................................................52
If State Doesn't Matter: Companion Objects ...............................................................................52
Exercise 18 ............................................................................................................................54
Exercise 19 ............................................................................................................................55
Describing a Contract: Interfaces ................................................................................................55
Exercise 20 ............................................................................................................................61
Exercise 21 ............................................................................................................................62
Exercise 22 ............................................................................................................................62
Structuring and Packages ...........................................................................................................62
A Structured Project ..............................................................................................................63
Exercise 23 ............................................................................................................................65
Namespaces and Importing ...................................................................................................65
Exercise 24 ............................................................................................................................67
TABLE OF CONTENTSwww.EBooksWorld.ir
vii Chapter 3: Classes at Work: Properties and Functions ..........................................69Properties and Their Types ..........................................................................................................69
Simple Properties ..................................................................................................................70
Exercise 1 ..............................................................................................................................72
Property Types .......................................................................................................................72
Property Value Assignment ....................................................................................................74
Exercise 2 ..............................................................................................................................76
Literals ...................................................................................................................................76
Exercise 3 ..............................................................................................................................79
Property Visibility ...................................................................................................................79
Null Values .............................................................................................................................79
Exercise 4 ..............................................................................................................................80
Property Declaration Modiers ..............................................................................................80
Member Functions ......................................................................................................................81
Functions Not Returning Values ............................................................................................82
Exercise 5 ..............................................................................................................................84
Exercise 6 ..............................................................................................................................85
Functions Returning Values ...................................................................................................85
Exercise 7 ..............................................................................................................................86
Exercise 8 ..............................................................................................................................87
Exercise 9 ..............................................................................................................................87
Accessing Masked Properties ...............................................................................................87
Exercise 10 ............................................................................................................................88
Function Invocation ...............................................................................................................88
Exercise 11 ............................................................................................................................89
Function Named Parameters .................................................................................................89
Exercise 12 ............................................................................................................................90
Function Default Parameters .................................................................................................90
Exercise 13 ............................................................................................................................91
Function Vararg Parameters ..................................................................................................91
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viiiExercise 14 ............................................................................................................................93
Abstract Functions .................................................................................................................93
Polymorphism ........................................................................................................................94
Local Functions .....................................................................................................................95
Inheritance ..................................................................................................................................96
Classes Inheriting from Other Classes...................................................................................96
Constructor Inheritance .........................................................................................................97
Exercise 15 ............................................................................................................................98
Overriding Functions .............................................................................................................99
Overriding Properties ...........................................................................................................100
Exercise 16 ..........................................................................................................................100
Exercise 17 ..........................................................................................................................101
Accessing Superclass Assets ..............................................................................................101
Local Variables ..........................................................................................................................102
Exercise 18 ..........................................................................................................................103
Visibility of Classes and Class Members ...................................................................................104
Self-Reference: This ..................................................................................................................110
Converting Classes to Strings ...................................................................................................111
Exercise 19 ..........................................................................................................................112
Chapter 4: Classes and Objects: Extended Features .............................................113Anonymous Classes ..................................................................................................................113
Inner Classes ............................................................................................................................115
Functions and Properties Outside Classes ................................................................................116
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................................117
Importing Functions and Properties ..........................................................................................118
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................................118
Data Classes .............................................................................................................................118
Exercise 3 ............................................................................................................................119
Exercise 4 ............................................................................................................................120
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ixEnumerations ............................................................................................................................120
Exercise 5 ............................................................................................................................122
Custom Property Accessors ......................................................................................................122
Exercise 6 ............................................................................................................................124
Exercise 7 ............................................................................................................................124
Exercise 8 ............................................................................................................................124
Kotlin Extensions .......................................................................................................................125
Extension Functions ............................................................................................................125
Extension Properties .................................................................................................................126
Extensions with Nullable Receivers.....................................................................................127
Encapsulating Extensions ....................................................................................................127
Functions with Tail Recursion ...................................................................................................128
Inx Operators...........................................................................................................................129
Operator Overloading ................................................................................................................130
Exercise 9 ............................................................................................................................134
Delegation .................................................................................................................................134
Chapter 5: Expressions: Operations on Data ........................................................137
Expression Examples ................................................................................................................137
Ubiquity of Expressions .............................................................................................................138
Numerical Expressions .............................................................................................................138
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................................141
Boolean Expressions .................................................................................................................141
String and Character Expressions .............................................................................................144
Bits and Bytes ...........................................................................................................................146
Other Operators .........................................................................................................................148
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................................150
Conversions ..............................................................................................................................150
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xChapter 6: Comments in Kotlin Files ....................................................................155
Package Comments ..................................................................................................................156
Markdown .................................................................................................................................159
Class Comments .......................................................................................................................162
Function and Property Comments .............................................................................................165
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................................166
Generate Your Own API Documentation ....................................................................................166
Chapter 7: Structural Constructs ..........................................................................171
Ifs and Whens ...........................................................................................................................171
Ranges ......................................................................................................................................175
For and While Loops ..................................................................................................................176
Scoping Functions ....................................................................................................................177
The apply Function ....................................................................................................................178
The let Function ........................................................................................................................180
The with Function .....................................................................................................................181
The also Function ......................................................................................................................182
The run Function .......................................................................................................................182
Conditional Execution ...............................................................................................................183
Chapter 8: Exceptions: If Something Goes Wrong ................................................185Kotlin and Exceptions ................................................................................................................185
More Exception Types ...............................................................................................................188
Throwing Exceptions Yourself ...................................................................................................189
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................................190
Exceptions in Expressions ........................................................................................................190
Chapter 9: Data Containers ...................................................................................193
Dening and Using Arrays .........................................................................................................193
Array Instantiation .....................................................................................................................195
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................................197
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................................198
TABLe OF COnTENTSwww.EBooksWorld.ir
xiArray Operations .......................................................................................................................198
Sets, Lists, and Maps ................................................................................................................200
Sets .....................................................................................................................................201
Exercise 3 ............................................................................................................................205
Lists .....................................................................................................................................205
Maps ....................................................................................................................................212
Pairs and Triples ........................................................................................................................214
Loops over Data Containers ......................................................................................................215
Sorting Arrays and Collections ..................................................................................................217
Exercise 4 ............................................................................................................................220
Exercise 5 ............................................................................................................................221
Grouping, Folding, Reducing, and Zipping .................................................................................221
Grouping ..............................................................................................................................222
Exercise 6 ............................................................................................................................223
Folding .................................................................................................................................223
Reducing .............................................................................................................................224
Exercise 7 ............................................................................................................................225
Zipping .................................................................................................................................225
Exercise 8 ............................................................................................................................227
Searching in Arrays and Collections .........................................................................................227
The Spread Operator .................................................................................................................228
Queues and Stacks: Deques .....................................................................................................229
A Statistics Class for the NumberGuess App ............................................................................231
Adding an Action Bar to The App .........................................................................................231
The Statistics Activity ..........................................................................................................237
State Housekeeping for the Statistics .................................................................................239
Communicating Between the Activities ...............................................................................241
Implementing Statistical Calculations .................................................................................242
Chapter 10: True, False, and Undecided: Nullability .............................................247What NULL Is .............................................................................................................................247
How Nullability Gets Handled Inside Kotlin ...............................................................................249
TABLe OF COnTENTSwww.EBooksWorld.ir
xiiChapter 11: Handling Equality ..............................................................................253
Identity in Kotlin ........................................................................................................................253
Equality in Kotlin .......................................................................................................................254
Equals and Hash Code ..............................................................................................................254
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................................258
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................................258
Chapter 12: Back to Math: Functional Programming ...........................................259Kotlin and Functional Programming ..........................................................................................262
Functions Without Names: Lambda Functions ..........................................................................264
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................................266
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................................266
Loops Once Again .....................................................................................................................266
Functions with Receivers ..........................................................................................................268
Inline Functions .........................................................................................................................269
Filters ........................................................................................................................................271
Exercise 3 ............................................................................................................................273
Chapter 13: About Type Safety: Generics ..............................................................275
Simple Generics ........................................................................................................................277
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................................278
Declaration-Side Variance .........................................................................................................278
Variance for Immutable Collections ..........................................................................................281
Type Projections ........................................................................................................................281
Star Projections .........................................................................................................................283
Generic Functions .....................................................................................................................283
Generic Constraints ...................................................................................................................284
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................................287
Chapter 14: Adding Hints: Annotations.................................................................289
Annotations in Kotlin .................................................................................................................291
Annotation Characteristics ........................................................................................................292
Applying Annotations ................................................................................................................294
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xiiiAnnotations with Array Parameter ............................................................................................297
Reading Annotations .................................................................................................................298
Built-in Annotations ..................................................................................................................300
Custom Annotations ..................................................................................................................302
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................................304
Chapter 15: Using the Java and Kotlin APIs .........................................................305
Kotlin and Java Libraries ...........................................................................................................306
Using the Online Resources ......................................................................................................306
Making a Local Copy of the Documentation .............................................................................307
Chapter 16: The Collections API ...........................................................................309
Interfaces ..................................................................................................................................309
Classes ......................................................................................................................................313
Generator Functions ..................................................................................................................315
Collection and Map Setters and Removers ...............................................................................317
Deterministic Getters ................................................................................................................318
Collection and Map Characteristics ..........................................................................................320
Traversing Collections and Maps ..............................................................................................321
Transformations ........................................................................................................................322
Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................................326
Exercise 2 ............................................................................................................................327
Exercise 3 ............................................................................................................................327
Exercise 4 ............................................................................................................................327
Filtering .....................................................................................................................................327
Exercise 5 ............................................................................................................................328
Changing the Mutability ............................................................................................................328
Element Checks ........................................................................................................................329
Exercise 6 ............................................................................................................................329
Finding Elements ......................................................................................................................329
Exercise 7 ............................................................................................................................331
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xivAggregating, Folding, and Reducing .........................................................................................331
Exercise 8 ............................................................................................................................335
Joining ......................................................................................................................................335
Zipping ......................................................................................................................................337
Windowing ................................................................................................................................339
Sequences ................................................................................................................................340
Operators ..................................................................................................................................343
Chapter 17: More APIs ..........................................................................................347
The Math API .............................................................................................................................347
The Date and Time API, API Level 25 or Less ............................................................................349
The Date and Time API, API Level 26 or Greater ........................................................................352
Local Dates and Times.........................................................................................................353
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