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INTRODUCTION TO LINUX INTRODUCTION TO LINUX INTRODUCTION TO LINUX INTRODUCTION TO LINUX INTRODUCTION TO LINUX INTRODUCTION TO LINUX INTRODUCTION TO LINUX INTRODUCTION TO LINUX

OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM

Third School on LHC Physics

TaimoorKhurshid

Exp High Energy Physics Group

National Center for Physics

LINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

The kernel

!Kernel is heart of Linux OS !It manages resource of Linux OS !Resources means facilities available in

Linux. For e.g. Facility

!To store data, Linux operating system consists of Kernel, Shell and File System: !To store data, !Print data on printer, !Memory !File management !Kernel decides who will use resources, for how long and when. !It runs your programs (or set up to execute binary files). !The kernel acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and various programs/application/shell.

The Shell

!The shell is a program that acts as an interface between users and kernel !It is a command interpreter and also has programming capability of its own. !Shell Types

LINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEMLINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

Linux operating system consists of Kernel, Shell and File System: !Shell Types !Bourne Shell (sh) (First shell by Stephen Bourne) !C Shell(sh) !KornShell (ksh) !Bourne Again Shell(bash) !Filename Completion or TAB completion !History -The shell keeps a list of the commands you have typed in

File System

!Linux treats everything as a file including hardware devices.

Arranged as a directory hierarchy.

!The top level directory is known as "root (/)".

DIFFERENT SHELLS DIFFERENT SHELLS DIFFERENT SHELLS DIFFERENT SHELLS DIFFERENT SHELLS DIFFERENT SHELLS DIFFERENT SHELLS DIFFERENT SHELLS

AVAILABLE IN LINUXAVAILABLE IN LINUXAVAILABLE IN LINUXAVAILABLE IN LINUXAVAILABLE IN LINUXAVAILABLE IN LINUXAVAILABLE IN LINUXAVAILABLE IN LINUX

Shell

Program

Name

Description

Bourne shell

sh

The original shell from AT&T, available on all

UNIX machines

C shell

csh

Shell developed as part of BSD UNIX

Kornshell

ksh

AT&T improvement of the Bourne shell

Bourne again

shell bash

Shell distributed with Linux, version of Bourne

shell that includes command line editing and other nice things

FILES AND PROCESSESFILES AND PROCESSESFILES AND PROCESSESFILES AND PROCESSESFILES AND PROCESSESFILES AND PROCESSESFILES AND PROCESSESFILES AND PROCESSES

!Everything in LINUX is either a file or a process !A process is an executing program identified by a unique

PID (process identifier).

!A file is a collection of data. They are created by users using text editors, running compilers etc. !Examples of files: !Examples of files: !A document (report, essay etc.) !A program text (high-level programming language ) !Instructions: !comprehensible directly to the machine !incomprehensible to a casual user !for example, a collection of binary digits (an executable or binary file); !A directory, containing mixture of other directories and ordinary files.

DIRECTORY STRUCTUREDIRECTORY STRUCTUREDIRECTORY STRUCTUREDIRECTORY STRUCTUREDIRECTORY STRUCTUREDIRECTORY STRUCTUREDIRECTORY STRUCTUREDIRECTORY STRUCTURE

!All the files are grouped together in a directory structure. !The file-system is arranged in a hierarchical structure, like an inverted tree. !The top of the hierarchy is traditionally called root(written as a slash / ) !The full path to the file report.docis "/home/its/ug1/ee51vn/report.doc"

DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN LINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXLINUX

Directory: /bin

/bin contains the binaries which are needed to run LINUX.

Directory: /boot

/boot has all the files required for booting LINUX on system.

Directory: /dev

/dev has the devices for all the files./dev has the devices for all the files.

Directory: /etc

/etc contains the configuration files of the various software.

Normally no one touch this directory.

Directory: /home

/home is like My Documents in Windows.

This contains the username as the sub directory.

Directory: /lib

/lib contains the shared libraries required for the system files.

Directory: /lost+found

/lost+found contains the files which are damaged or which are not linked to any directory.

These damages are due to the incorrect shutdown.

Directory:/mnt

This is the directory in which we mount the devices and other

DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN DIRECTORIES IN LINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXLINUX

This is the directory in which we mount the devices and other file systems.

Directory: /opt

Here the optional softwares are installed.

Directory: /root

The directory for the user root

LINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDS

Commands tell the operating system to perform set of operations.

The syntax form of the commands are

Command options arguments

We can divide Linux commands into following categories !FileHandl ing !TextProce ssing !SystemAdministra tion !ProcessManagement !Archival !Network !FileSyste ms !viCo mmands

LINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDSLINUX COMMANDS

!Primary-man(manual)p ages. !man !showsallinfo rmationabout the command !--help !showstheavaila bleopti onsforthatcommand !Secondary-BooksandInterne t

FILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLING

mkdir: makedirec tories

Usage:mkdir[OPTIO N]DIRECTORY...

eg.mkdi rLHC_School ls:

Usage:ls[OPTION]. ..[FIL E]...

eg.ls, ls-l,lsLHC _School cd: changesdirectories

Usage:cd[DIRECTOR Y]

eg.cdLH C_School

FILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLING

pwd: prints the name of current working directories

Usage:pwd

eg.mkd irLHC_School vim: ViImproved,aprogrammerstexteditor ViImproved,aprogrammerstexteditor

Usage:vim[OPTION] [file]...

eg.vim file1.txt cp: copyfil esanddirectorie s

Usage:cp[OPTION].. .SOUR CE/ DEST

eg.cpsa mple.tx tsample_copy.txt cpsam ple_copy.txttarget_dir

FILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLING

mv: move(rename )files

Usage:mv[OPTION]. ..SOUR CE/ DEST

eg.mvsou rce.tx ttarget_dir mvo ld.txtnew.txt rm:rm: removefilesordire ctories

Usage:rm[OPTION]... [file] ...

eg.rmfi le1.tx t, rm-rfso me_ dir

FILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLINGFILE HANDLING

find: searchforfilesin adirector yhierarchy

Usage:find[OPTION ][path][patt ern]

eg.find file1.txt find-namefile1.txtfind-namefile1.txt history: printsrecentlyus edcommands

Usage:history

A Pattern is an expression that describes a set of strings which is used to give a concise description of a set, without having to list all elements.

Example:Example:

ab*cd matches anything that starts with ab and ends with cd etc. ls *.txt -prints all text files rm *.obj -removes all object files

TEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSING

cat: concatenatefilesandprint onthestandard output...

Usage:cat[OPTION] [FILE]...

eg.catf ile1.txtf ile2.txt cat-nfile1.txtcat-nfile1.txt echo: displayalineoft ext

Usage: echo[OPTION][string].. .

eg.echoI lovePakist an echo$HOME

TEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSING

grep: printlinesmatc hingapatte rn

Usage:grep[OPTION ]PATTERN[FILE] ...

eg.grep- iapplesam ple.txt wc: infile s...

Usage: wc[OPTION]...[FILE] ...

eg.wcfi le1.txt wc-L file1. txt

TEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSINGTEXT PROCESSING

sort: sortline softextfiles

Usage:sort[OPTION ]...[FILE].. .

eg.sortf ile1.txt sort-rfil e1.txt

LINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXLINUXFILEFILEFILEFILEFILEFILEFILEFILEPERMIS SIONSPERMISSIONSPERMISSIONSPERMISSIONSPERMISSIONSPERMISSIONSPERMISSIONSPERMISSIONS

!10bi tformatfrom 'ls-l'command

12345678910

filetypeownergroupothers eg.drwxr w-r--meansownerhasallthreeperm issions, grouphasreadandw rite,o thershav eonlyr eadpermission !readpermi ssion-4,write-2,execute-1 eg.rwxrw -r--=764

673=r w-r wx-wx

SYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATION

chmod: changefileaccess permissions

Usage:chmod[OPTION ][MODE][FILE ]

eg.chmod 744calculate. sh chown:

Usage: chown[OPTION]...OWNER[:[GRO UP]]FILE...

eg.chow nremomyfile.txt su: changeuserIDo rbecomesuper -user

Usage:su[OPTION][L OGIN]

eg.surem o,su

SYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM ADMINISTRATION

passwd: updateauser' saut henticationtokens(s )

Usage:passwd[OP TION]

eg.pas swd who: showwhoisloggedonshowwhoisloggedonquotesdbs_dbs21.pdfusesText_27

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