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TheknowledgeargumentJeffSpeaksphil30304October4,20181Thecaseforqualia..................................11.1Whatarequalia?...............................11.2Fred......................................11.3Mary......................................22Theargumentformalized..............................23Jackson'spositiveview:epiphenomenalism.....................31Thecaseforqualia1.1Whatarequalia?Jacksondescribeshimselfasa'qualiafreak.'Bythishejustmeansthathebelievesthatqualiaexist.Butwhatarequalia?Roughly,qualiaarepropertiesofhavingacertainconsciousstate - likefeelingapainoranitch,orhavingareddishvisualsensation - whicharenotidenticaltoanyphysicalproperty.SoanidentitytheoristorafunctionalistwillagreewithJacksonthatthereareconsciousstates - butbothwilldenythattherearequalia,sincebothwillidentifythoseconsciousstateswithphysicalproperties(physical-chemicalpropertiesinthecaseoftheidentitytheorist,andfunctionalpropertiesinthecaseofthefunctionalist).1.2FredJackson'sargumentforqualiaturnsontwoexamples.ThefirstistheexampleofFred:'Fredhasbettercolourvisionthananyoneelseonrecord;hemakeseverydiscriminationthatanyonehasevermade,andmoreoverhemakesonethatwecannotevenbegintomake.Showhimabatchofripetomatoesandhesortsthemintotworoughlyequalgroupsanddoessowithcompleteconsistency.Thatis,ifyoublindfoldhim,shufflethetomatoesup,andthenremovethe1
blindfoldandaskhimtosortthemoutagain,hesortsthemintoexactlythesametwogroups.WeaskFredhowhedoesit.Heexplainsthatallripetomatoesdonotlookthesamecolourtohim,andinfactthatthisistrueofagreatmanyobjectsthatweclassifytogetherasred.'Wemightdiscover,asJacksonsays,thatFred'sabilityseemstobeexplainedbycertainphysiologicaldifferencesbetweenhimandeveryoneelse.Inthiscase,itwouldseemreasonabletobelievethatFredhascolorexperienceswhichwedonot.Butitseemslike - evenifweknowallofthephysicalfactsaboutFred'svisualexperiences - wecannotknowwhatitislikeforhimtohavetheseexperiences.SodespiteknowledgeofallofthephysicalfactsaboutFred,thereisatleastonefactaboutFred'sexperiencethatwedon'tknow.SothereisatleastonefactaboutFred'sconsciousexperiencewhichisnotaphysicalfact.So,therearequalia.1.3MaryJackson'sexampleofMaryhasbecomeevenmorewell-known:'Maryisabrilliantscientistwhois,forwhateverreason,forcedtoinvesti-gatetheworldfromablackandwhiteroomviaablackandwhitetelevisionmonitor.Shespecialisesintheneurophysiologyofvisionandacquires,letussuppose,allthephysicalinformationthereistoobtainaboutwhatgoesonwhenweseeripetomatoes,orthesky,andusetermslike'red','blue',andsoon.Shediscovers,forexample,justwhichwave-lengthcombinationsfromtheskystimulatetheretina,andexactlyhowthisproducesviathecentralnervoussystemthecontractionofthevocalchordsandexpulsionofairfromthelungsthatresultsintheutteringofthesentence'Theskyisblue.'...WhatwillhappenwhenMaryisreleasedfromherblackandwhiteroomorisgivenacolourtelevisionmonitor?Willshelearnanythingornot?Itseemsjustobviousthatshewilllearnsomethingabouttheworldandourvisualexperienceofit.Butthenitisinescapablethatherpreviousknowledgewasincomplete.Butshehadallthephysicalinformation.Ergothereismoretohavethanthat,andPhysicalismisfalse.2TheargumentformalizedFollowingGertler,theMaryversionoftheknowledgeargumentcanbelaidoutlikethis:2
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