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SQL Tutorial

i

SQL TUTORIAL

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ABOUT THE TUTORIAL

SQL Tutorial

SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database. SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

This tutorial will give you quick start with SQL.

Audience

This reference has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced

concepts related to SQL languages.

Prerequisites

Before you start doing practice with various types of examples given in this reference, I'm making an

assumption that you are already aware about what is database, especially RDBMS and what is a

computer programming language.

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Table of Content

SQL Tutorial ............................................................................. 2 Audience .................................................................................. 2 Prerequisites ............................................................................ 2 Copyright & Disclaimer Notice .................................................. 2 SQL Overview ........................................................................ 15

What is SQL? ........................................................................................... 15

Why SQL? ................................................................................................ 15

History: ..................................................................................................... 16

SQL Process: ........................................................................................... 16

SQL Commands: ...................................................................................... 17

DDL - Data Definition Language: ............................................................. 17 DML - Data Manipulation Language: ........................................................ 17 DCL - Data Control Language: ................................................................. 17 DQL - Data Query Language: .................................................................. 17 SQL RDBMS Concepts .......................................................... 18

What is field? ............................................................................................ 19

What is record, or row? ............................................................................ 19

What is column? ....................................................................................... 19

What is NULL value?................................................................................ 19

SQL Constraints: ...................................................................................... 20

NOT NULL Constraint: ............................................................................. 20

DEFAULT Constraint:............................................................................... 21

Example: .................................................................................................. 21

Drop Default Constraint: ........................................................................... 21

UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................................. 21

Example: .................................................................................................. 21

DROP a UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................... 22

PRIMARY Key: ......................................................................................... 22

Create Primary Key: ................................................................................. 22

Delete Primary Key: ................................................................................. 23

FOREIGN Key: ......................................................................................... 24

Example: .................................................................................................. 24

DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint: ........................................................ 25

CHECK Constraint: .................................................................................. 25

Example: .................................................................................................. 25

DROP a CHECK Constraint: .................................................................... 25

INDEX: ..................................................................................................... 26

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Example: .................................................................................................. 26

DROP a INDEX Constraint: ...................................................................... 26

Data Integrity: ........................................................................................... 26

Database Normalization ........................................................................... 27

Third Rule of 1NF: .................................................................................... 29

SQL RDBMS Databases ........................................................ 32

MySQL ..................................................................................................... 32

History: ..................................................................................................... 32

Features: .................................................................................................. 33

MS SQL Server ........................................................................................ 33

History: ..................................................................................................... 33

Features: .................................................................................................. 34

ORACLE .................................................................................................. 34

History: ..................................................................................................... 34

Features: .................................................................................................. 35

MS- ACCESS ........................................................................................... 36

Features: .................................................................................................. 36

SQL Syntax ............................................................................ 37 SQL SELECT Statement: ......................................................................... 37 SQL DISTINCT Clause: ........................................................................... 37 SQL WHERE Clause:............................................................................... 37 SQL AND/OR Clause: .............................................................................. 37

SQL IN Clause: ........................................................................................ 38

SQL BETWEEN Clause: .......................................................................... 38

SQL Like Clause: ..................................................................................... 38

SQL ORDER BY Clause: ......................................................................... 38 SQL GROUP BY Clause: ......................................................................... 38 SQL COUNT Clause: ............................................................................... 38 SQL HAVING Clause: .............................................................................. 38 SQL CREATE TABLE Statement: ............................................................ 38 SQL DROP TABLE Statement: ................................................................ 39 SQL CREATE INDEX Statement: ............................................................ 39 SQL DROP INDEX Statement: ................................................................ 39 SQL DESC Statement: ............................................................................. 39 SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement: ....................................................... 39 SQL ALTER TABLE Statement: ............................................................... 39 SQL ALTER TABLE Statement (Rename): .............................................. 39 SQL INSERT INTO Statement: ................................................................ 39 SQL UPDATE Statement: ........................................................................ 39

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SQL DELETE Statement: ......................................................................... 40 SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement: .................................................... 40 SQL DROP DATABASE Statement: ........................................................ 40

SQL USE Statement: ............................................................................... 40

SQL COMMIT Statement: ........................................................................ 40 SQL ROLLBACK Statement: .................................................................... 40 SQL Data Types .................................................................... 41 Exact Numeric Data Types: ...................................................................... 41 Approximate Numeric Data Types: .......................................................... 41 Date and Time Data Types: ..................................................................... 42 Character Strings Data Types: ................................................................. 42 Unicode Character Strings Data Types: ................................................... 42

Binary Data Types: ................................................................................... 42

Misc Data Types: ..................................................................................... 43

SQL Operators ....................................................................... 44 What is an Operator in SQL? ................................................................... 44 SQL Arithmetic Operators: ....................................................................... 44 SQL Comparison Operators: .................................................................... 45

SQL Logical Operators: ............................................................................ 47

SQL Expressions ................................................................... 50

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 50

SQL - Boolean Expressions: .................................................................... 50 SQL - Numeric Expression: ...................................................................... 51

SQL - Date Expressions: .......................................................................... 51

SQL CREATE Database ........................................................ 53

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 53

Example: .................................................................................................. 53

DROP or DELETE Database ................................................. 54

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 54

Example: .................................................................................................. 54

SQL SELECT Database ......................................................... 55

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 55

Example: .................................................................................................. 55

SQL CREATE Table .............................................................. 56

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 56

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 56

Example: .................................................................................................. 57

Example: .................................................................................................. 57

SQL DROP or DELETE Table ................................................ 59

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Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 59

Example: .................................................................................................. 59

SQL INSERT Query ............................................................... 60

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 60

Example: .................................................................................................. 60

Populate one table using another table: ................................................... 61 SQL SELECT Query .............................................................. 62

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 62

Example: .................................................................................................. 62

SQL WHERE Clause ............................................................. 64

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 64

Example: .................................................................................................. 64

SQL AND and OR Operators ................................................. 66

The AND Operator: .................................................................................. 66

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 66

Example: .................................................................................................. 66

The OR Operator: .................................................................................... 67

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 67

Example: .................................................................................................. 67

SQL UPDATE Query.............................................................. 69

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 69

Example: .................................................................................................. 69

SQL DELETE Query .............................................................. 71

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 71

Example: .................................................................................................. 71

SQL LIKE Clause ................................................................... 73

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 73

Example: .................................................................................................. 74

SQL TOP Clause ................................................................... 75

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 75

Example: .................................................................................................. 75

SQL ORDER BY Clause ........................................................ 77

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 77

Example: .................................................................................................. 77

SQL Group By........................................................................ 79

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 79

Example: .................................................................................................. 79

SQL Distinct Keyword ............................................................ 81

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 81

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Example: .................................................................................................. 81

SQL SORTING Results .......................................................... 83

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 83

Example: .................................................................................................. 83

SQL Constraints ..................................................................... 85

NOT NULL Constraint: ............................................................................. 85

DEFAULT Constraint:............................................................................... 86

Example: .................................................................................................. 86

Drop Default Constraint: ........................................................................... 86

UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................................. 87

Example: .................................................................................................. 87

DROP a UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................... 87

PRIMARY Key: ......................................................................................... 88

Create Primary Key: ................................................................................. 88

Delete Primary Key: ................................................................................. 89

FOREIGN Key: ......................................................................................... 89

Example: .................................................................................................. 89

DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint: ........................................................ 90

CHECK Constraint: .................................................................................. 90

Example: .................................................................................................. 90

DROP a CHECK Constraint: .................................................................... 91

INDEX: ..................................................................................................... 91

Example: .................................................................................................. 91

DROP a INDEX Constraint: ...................................................................... 91

Dropping Constraints:............................................................................... 92

Integrity Constraints: ................................................................................ 92

SQL Joins .............................................................................. 93

SQL Join Types: ....................................................................................... 94

INNER JOIN ............................................................................................. 94

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 94

Example: .................................................................................................. 94

LEFT JOIN ............................................................................................... 95

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 95

Example: .................................................................................................. 95

RIGHT JOIN ............................................................................................. 96

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 96

Example: .................................................................................................. 96

FULL JOIN ............................................................................................... 97

Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 97

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