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BIBLATEX- course notes
Science library. Informatics
University of Oslo
February 1, 2017
Coloured texts are links.
Contents
1 The bib-file and Emacs
3
1.1 Literature
3
1.2 The bib-file
3
1.3 Emacs
3
1.4 Macros
5
1.5 The most important reference types
5
1.6 The crossref option
6
1.7 URLs
6
1.8 The date format
7
2 Exercise 1: Building the bib-file
7
3 Exercise 2: Using the bib-file with a document
9
3.1 Character encoding
11
3.2 A single or several bib-files
11
3.3 Citing
11
3.4 RefTeX - Locating and using a reference
12
3.5 Bibliographic styles
13
3.6 Generating the reference list
14
3.7 Using other styles
14
3.8 The reference list header
15
3.9 Including the reference list in the contents
15
3.10 Referring backwards
15
3.11 Section-, type- or chapterwise reference lists
16
3.12 Changing the value of bibliography strings
17
Literature
2 0 1
Preface
This paper deals with the practical exercises in the BIBLATEX-course and saves you some note taking during the course. The exercises will help you build the bibliography given in the article entitledUser interfacefrom Encyclopedia of computer science[ 1
What is a reference list? Why refer?
Without a reference list, a thesis is not finished. When working with research you always base your work more or less on previous works done by others. If you don"t cite them when you do, it will be considered theft or plagiarism. The reference list in your thesis should contain information onevery document that you either cite, are referring to or from which you use ideas, definitions, illustrations, graphs, statistics or other results. When giving definitions of concepts you should always cite the source, because this tells the reader what context you operate within. The body text must containcitationswhich are pointers to the reference list. The reference list contains all the information that is necessary to locate and access the source. Now, how far should you go in citing? This varies from discipline to discipline. If in doubt discuss this with your supervisor. What might be considered as common knowledge, like the fact that the earth moves around the sun[ 2 ], need not be cited. What is common knowl- edge in one discipline, might not be in another. It also depends on for whom you are writing. You should aim to cite the primary source. A secondary source might not have understood or cited the primary source correctly. Ensure yourself that you understand your source and that you express the source correctly. The importance of consistent and correct references The purpose of the reference list is to show the reader on which previous research your own work is based and to give the readers of your work a chance to evaluate it. This means that references must contain the necessary and sufficient information elements to identify and locate the described document. This course deals with the question of making a proper reference list using the tool BIBLATEX. 2
1 The bib-file and Emacs
1.1 Literature
The IFI departement has published a short guide to BIBLATEX [3]. If you want to dive into it, you may read the BIBLATEX package documentation[4].
A wiki-book on L
ATEX includes a useful page on BibTeX [5] with a short description of BIBLATEX.
1.2 The bib-file
References are collected in a file with the extensionbib. The connection between the L ATEX file and the references in the bib-file is established by using identifiers (see below). The bib-file may reside in the same file folder as the L
ATEX file or you
may put it in the file folder~/texmf/bibtex/bibwhere BIBLATEX always will find it.
1.3 Emacs
Create a folder calledbiblatexcoursein your home directory and locate your- self to this folder. Under Linux it looks like this: > mkdir biblatexcourse > cd biblatexcourse Open a file namedmyreferences.bibin Emacs by giving the command1: > emacs myreferences.bib & Emacs uses a certain BibTeX-mode when you open a bib-file. You will see a menu calledEntry-Types. When you want to enter a new reference in your bib-file, you choose the reference type from this menu. The last option in this menu is BibTeX-dialect. The default selection of document types and fields are BibTeX, but may be changed to BIBLATEX by using the last choice in theEntry-typesmenu (from version 24.2 of Emacs). Select BIBLATEX. After chosing a reference type you will see a list of empty fields, like this (article in journalor Ctrl-c Ctrl-e Ctrl-a): @Article{, author = {}, title = {}, journaltitle = {},
ALTyear = {},
ALTdate = {},
OPTvolume = {},
OPTnumber = {},
OPTpages = {},
OPTmonth = {},
...1 Under Windows, selectemacs.exefrom the program menu 3
Identifiers
Every reference in the bib-file must include a unique identifier. It must be entered directly following the first curly brace. A comma concludes the identifier. As you are going to use this identifier when citing in your main L ATEX- document you should construct it easy to memorize, like:shneiderman1983 andolsen1992.
Fields
The fields prefixed withOPTare optional, the others are mandatory. Some- times two or more fields are prefixed withALT. You must enter data into exactly one of them. The text in the fields must be surrounded by quotes (" ") or curly braces ({}). There are two exceptions: you may enter clean numbers (a four digit year) and macros. See section 1.4
The fields are separated by comma.
The author field
The name should be entered straight forward or with the last name first followed by a comma and then the rest of the name. BIBLATEX will try to split a straight forward name into four parts: first name, middle names likevon, van, de, ..., last name and finally additions likejunior, senior, .... This procedure doesn"t always succeed, so the safest way is to enter the last name followed by comma.
Several authors must be separated by the wordand.
Initials in names should be enteres with a period and a space, like this:
Knuth, D. E..
These rules holds true also for other personal name fields:editor, trans- lator,.... In general, you should try to enter the full names and no initials. The bibliographic style will decide whether the names will be presented with initials or not. If you do not know the full name, try normalising.
Uppercase letters
Information in some of the fields will be edited by BibTeX according to the style you have chosen. Uppercase letters might be converted to lowercase. This does not happen i BIBLATEX. If you want to keep your own layout (e.g. acronyms like ACM and IEEE or person names in titles) put curly braces around your text. 4
1.4 Macros
Some information occurs often. It may be journal titles, publisher names, personal names and so on. To save typing and to ensure consistency you may usemacrosoraliases. The definition of the macro must appear in the beginning of the bib-file. Examples: @string{ben = "Shneiderman, Ben"} @string{ojd = "Dahl, Ole-Johan"} @string{tochi = "ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"} @string{aw = "Addison-Wesley"} It is not possible to use two or more name macros in the author field. You will have to define a macro combining the names 2. When the above macros are defined, you might enter (without curly braces or quotes): author = ojd, editor = ben, journaltitle = tochi, publisher = aw, The macros will be expanded during the processing.
1.5 The most important reference types
We will only comment on the reference types most used. For each type we list mandatory fields and some recommended fields. In most cases the program biberwill convert BibTeX data to BIBLATEX3.
Article in journal
Mandatory:author, title, journaltitle, year
Recommended:volume, number, pages.
BookMandatory:author, title, year/date
When needed:edition
InBook
A part of a book which forms a self-contained unit with its own title.
Mandatory:author, title, booktitle, year/date.
Recommended:publisher, pages.
Collection
This type is not used in BibTeX.2
See an example in the tex-file later in this course.
3The databases from which we will fetch references still only support the BibTeX
format. 5
Mandatory:editor, title, year/date
Recommendedpublisher
InCollection - Chapter in book
The type is meant for self-contained contributions in a collection. The con- tribution has its own author and title. The author refers to the title, the editor to the booktitle. Mandatory:author, editor, title, booktitle, year/date.
Recommended:publisher, year.
Proceedings
Mandatory:title, year/date.
Recommended:editor, publisher.
InProceedings - conference paper
This is similar to@incollection.
Mandatory:author, title, booktitle, year/date.
Recommended:editor, publisher, pages.
Thesis/Mastersthesis/PhdThesis
ForthesisBIBLATEX uses the fieldtypeto separate different thesis levels. Mandatory:author, title, type, institution, year/date.
Report/TechReport
BIBLATEX usesreportand adds atypefield to separate between types of reports (default value is "technical report"). BIBLATEX:author, title, type, institution, year/date
Recommended:number(report number)
1.6 The crossref option
If you have several references from the same collection or conference it would be rather cumbersome to enter the shared information concerning the col- lection or the conference. The solution is to enter a reference (book, collection or proceedings) that covers the whole document with the shared information, like the book title. The references concerning the parts (chapter, paper) might then include the fieldcrossrefcontaining the identifier of the shared document. Biberwill then merge the information from the part and the whole (e.g. inBook/Book,inProceedings/Proceedingsandcollection/inCollection). See figure 1
1.7 URLs
All reference types in BIBLATEX may include the fieldurl. When using this one should also use the fieldurldateto show when this url was last accessed. 6 Figure 1: Using the reference types inBook and Book and thecrossreffield. Date is important by several reasons. First of all: web pages have a tendency to change over time, you should document which version (date) you are referring to. Second: the documents often change their URLs. The url-date will be prefixed by the textvisited onby default (contained in a variable calledurlseen. You may change this text by the procedure described in section 3.12 on page 17 It is also recommended that you keep a printed copy of the page for later control.
1.8 The date format
The date format depends on the document language and the format. You may define the format as options to the BIBLATEX-package. In this case you may differentiate betweendate,urldateand other dates. More on this issue in [ 4 , pp. 50-53].
2 Exercise 1: Building the bib-file
We will now import some references from external sources and enter one by hand. The references are found on the accompanying sheet which is also the reference section of this document. The encyclopedia bibliography contains
11 references [
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ]. We shall take care of a few examples and then download a readymade bib-file. Usually you will download the reference in parallel with downloading the 7 full document.Make it a habit to fetch the reference data alongside fetching the document.It will save you a lot of work later on.
Hutchins et al., 1986 [6]
Google Scholar
Before searching, do this: selectSettingsfrom the horizontal menu. Scroll down to the section onBibliography manager. Tick offShow links to import citations intoand select BibTeX in the pull down menu.
Save the preferences.
Search forHutchins Hollan Normanin Google Scholar viaLibrary home page 4 Take a look at the first hit in the list. Click the linkImport into BibTeX. You will then see the reference with BibTeX-syntax. Is this the reference we were looking for?
5Study other reference candidates
down the page. Do you notice any peculiarities?
6The 26 versions do
not contain a reference from 1986. We will now try to find the reference in theCollection of Computer
Science Bibliographies(CCSB).[17]
ClickSearchin the horizontal menu in the start page. EnterHutchins in the search field and selectauthoras qualifier and1986as publication year. The third hit is the one we"re looking for. To the right you will see two links:BibTeXand5 duplicates. Study the four duplicates and go back to take a look at the BibTeX-link. Copy the reference into your bib-file.
Olsen, 1992 [7]
Go back to Google Scholar and try to find this reference by searching forolsen user interface management. ClickImport into BibTeXlink.
Is it OK?
7. Copy the reference to the bib-file.
Your own master thesis
Select the correct reference type from the menu and enter data in the mandatory fields. Enter the commandCtrl-c Ctrl-cto clean up the record and generate an identifier.
Johnson et al., 1989 [8]
This reference you will find in theIEEE Xploreservice. Search for johnson xerox star.4 https://www.ub.uio.no/informatics
5No. Why not?
6A lot of citations of the relevant document are listed.
7Yes. 8 Tick the reference and pull down theDownload citationsmenu. Select BibTeXandCitation only. Finally clickDownload. Copy the reference to the bib-file.
Hartson, 1989 [10]
This reference we will find inACM Digital Library. A general description of the procedure: Click the title of the article in a hit list. The page which appear includes a grey text box to the right, markedTools and Resources. At the bottom of this box there is a BibTeX-link. Using this link, you will get the BibTeX-reference in a separate window. Move to theACM Digital Libraryfrom the library home page. Click Journals and Transactionsunder theBrowse the digital libraryheader. You will get a list of all the journals of ACM (some calledtransactions). Locate the journalComputing Surveys. Navigate to the journal page, then to the publication archive, to the correct issue and finally to the table of contents. Study the BibTeX-reference. Note that ACM abbreviates the journal name. Copy the reference to your bib-file and correct the journal name. The last references are handled by the same routines. As an exercise in the course aftermath, you may locate and copy the references from the sources 8. We do not spend time on this. You may download a readymade bib-file from this location http://folk.uio.no/knuthe/biblatex/eng/ Right-click onreferences.biband save the file in thebiblatexcoursedirec- tory. Copy the reference of your thesis into this new bib-file.
3 Exercise 2: Using the bib-file with a document
A rough outline of a L
ATEX document using BIBLATEX is given in figure2 . In this exercise you will use text located in the URL http://folk.uio.no/knuthe/biblatex/eng/ Right-click onuserinterface.texand save the file in thebiblatexcoursedi- rectory. Open the file in Emacs. Your job is to replace every doble-* reference with a proper citation command.8
You will find [
9 ] in IEEE Xplore, [ 11 12 ] in ACM Digital library and [ 13 14 15 16 in Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies. 9
Figure 2: Rough outline of a L
ATEX-document using BIBLATEX.
10
3.1 Character encoding
In figure
2 y ous eethe line \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}. This means that the character encoding of both tex and bib files. If you eventually use another character encoding in the bib file, you must state this by giving the optionbibencodingfor the biblatex package: \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
UTF8 is default at IFI.
3.2 A single or several bib-files
After loading the BIBLATEX package you must tell the system which bib-files you are using. You do this by giving this command in the preamble: \addbibresource{bib-file name} The bib extension is required. The command accepts only one file at a time and you will have to repeat it if you are using several bib-files. In that case you may want also to collect all your macros in one single file. This file must then be loaded first: \addbibresource{macros.bib} \addbibresource{library1.bib} \addbibresource{library2.bib}
3.3 Citing
You must use acitecommand including the reference identifier as a param- eter value when you want to put a citation into your text: \cite{identifier} The identifier must be written exactly as it appears in the bib-file (case sensitive). If you want to cite several references in the same cite command, it would look like this - no space after the comma: \cite{identifier1,identifier2} If you want a prefix or suffix in the citation the cite command accepts two other parameters: \cite[prefix][suffix]{identifier} If you want to refer to a certain page in the cited document, you would then write something like this: 11 \cite[See also][47]{identifier and this would be printed as[See also 19, p. 47]. For more\cite- commands, see [ 3 , p. 14]. If you want a reference to appear in your reference list without explicitly citing it, you may write: \nocite{identifier} If you replaceidentifierwith *, all of the references in your bib-file will a appear in your reference list.
3.4 RefTeX - Locating and using a reference
Emacs RefTeX mode
An Emacs add-on (RefTeX) makes it easy to handle citations[ 18 ]. The pack- age is recommended also by other reasons. It handles internal crossreferences in the L ATEX file and makes it easy to use table of contents in Emacs. Before setting Emacs in RefTeX mode, you must make a twist. RefTeX depends on knowing which bib-files you are using. RefTeX supports the Bib- TeX logic and will collect the bib-files from thenbibliography-command. To tell RefTeX to pick up the bib-file from thenaddbibresourceyou must put the following in your .emacs file: (setq reftex-bibliography-commands "("addbibresource" "bibliography" "nobibliography")) The snag here is that RefTeX only picks the first bib-file given byad- dbibresource. If you use several bib-files, you must give them in a single bibliographycommand9: \bibliography{macros,references} You put Emacs in RefTEX mode by giving the commandM-x reftex-mode.10
Please note the new top menu (Ref).
You may set Emacs in RefTeX mode initially by adding these commands to the .emacs file: (autoload "reftex-mode "reftex" "RefTeX Minor Mode" t) (autoload "turn-on-reftex "reftex" "RefTeX Minor Mode" nil) (add-hook "LaTeX-mode-hook "turn-on-reftex)9 The command must be given in the preamble. No bib extension is needed.
10M-x means first pressing the ESC-button and then the x
12
Searching the bib-files
The RefTeX mode will make it possible to locate references by searching the bib-file with regular expressions. Place the cursor where you want the cite-command to appear. Select \citefrom the Ref menu (or use the commandC-c [). Enter the regular expression plus Return. Eventually you will get a hit list. You may navigate in the hit list by using the up/down arrows and selecting a reference by hitting Return. A cite command will appear with the correct identifier. If you require two or more citations in your cite-command, just place the cursor before the last curly brace and repeat the RefTeX cite-command. Now, replace the doble-* citations with proper cite-commands in the rest of the text.
3.5 Bibliographic styles
Styles for citations and references are loaded as an option to the BIBLATEX package: \usepackage[..., style=styleoption, ...]{biblatex} Thestylegives the styles for both citations and references at the same time.
But they might be differentiated:
citestyle=styleoption-1, bibstyle=styleoption-2,
Here is a list of the most common styles
11: numeric- the citation is given as a number in brackets ([23]). This number points to a numbered list of references. The sorting of the references might be decided as an option in the preamble. Inthisdocumentnone is chosen as the sort option, which means that references appears in the order they are cited. alphabetic- the citation is a combination of parts of the author name and the publication year ([KNU99]). The references are sorted according to this combination. authortitle- the citation is the last name of the author followed by the title of the work in italics. To get parentheses around the citation you must use the\parenciteinstead of\cite.12The references are sorted by name and title.11 To see more styles check out BIBLATEX package manual [4, pp. 65-70].quotesdbs_dbs20.pdfusesText_26
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