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T??S?

P?ur ?bte?ir ?e grade de

D?CT?UR D? ?"U??V?RS?T? D? ?R???B??

Sp?cia?it? ? D?ct?rat ??SH??tudes a?g??ph??es

Arr?t? ?i?ist?rie? ? 7 a??t 2006

Pr?se?t?e par

?ehdi Achouche

Th?se dirig?e par Donna Spalding?Andr?olle

pr?par?e au sei? du ?aboratoire ?A3016 - Centre d"?tudes sur les ?odes de la Repr?sentation Anglophone (C??RA) da?s l??cole Doctorale n?50 - ?angues? ?itt?ratures et

Sciences ?umaines

?"utopisme technologique dans la science?fiction hollywoodienne? 1982?2010 : transhumanisme? posthumanit? et le r?ve de ? l"homme? machine ?

Th?se s?ute?ue pub?ique?e?t ?e

09 d?cembre 2011?

deva?t ?e jury c??p?s? de ? ?me ??l?ne ?reven?Borde Pr?fesseur retrait?? U?iversit? Ste?dha? Gre??b?e III? ?e?bre ?? ?eorges?Claude ?uilbert Pr?fesseur? U?iversit? Fra???is Rabe?ais (T?urs)? Rapp?rteur ?lle Sarah ?atchuel

Pr?fesseur? U?iversit? du Havre? Rapp?rteur

?? ?illes ?enegaldo

Pr?fesseur? U?iversit? de P?itiers? Pr?side?t

?? Patrick Pajon ?a?tre de C??f?re?ces HDR? U?iversit? Ste?dha? Gre??b?e III? ?e?bre ?me Donna Spalding?Andr?olle

Pr?fesseur? U?iversit? du Havre? Directrice

i? ?Re?ercie?e?ts

pas? arriv?? jusqu"ici? sans? elle.? Merci? enfin? pour? ses? cours? de? licence? et? de? master?? o?? je?

d?couvris?notamment??attaca?et?The Word for World is ?orest.??"avais?sans?le?savoir?d?j?? commenc????travailler?sur?cette?th?se.? r?confort?que?vous?m"apportiez.? ? ?n? souvenir? d"une? armoire? d?couverte? un? jour? d"enfance? en? Alg?rie?? remplie? ?? craquer? d"?ditions? ???"ai? Lu??? d"ouvrages? sign?s? Asimov?? K.? Dick?? Lovecraft?? etc.? Les? choses? ne? ii? "Science and technology multiply around us? To an increasing extent they dictate the languages in which we speak and think? ?ither we use those languages? or we remain mute" iii?

P?ur ???e et Da?ie?

I? ?e??ria?

iv? ?TAB?E DES ?ATIERES I?TR?DUCTI?? GE?ERA?E ......??....................................... 1

PRE?IERE PARTIE :

UT?PIES ET SCIE?CES FICTI??S.........

21
? CHAPITRE 1 : ?"UT?PIS?E TECH????GIQUE ........................? 25 ? CHAPITRE 2 : SCIE?CE(S) FICTI??(S) ....................................?? 93 v? ? Les?ann?es?cinquante?et?le?sublime?atomique?.........??????9? ? La?post-apocalypse?.........................................?????7?? ? CHAPITRE 3 : EXTR?PIA ......................................................? 185 ? ? ?.??L"utopie?transhumaniste?????:?les?grands???proph?tes???............? ???87? ? ?xtropistes?vs.??ntropistes?..............................??????8? ? L"intelligence?artificielle???A??et?la?Singularit??......??????0 vi? ?DEUXIE?E PARTIE : ?E ??UVE? H???E??ACHI?E ...??...???......??... 250 ? CHAPITRE 4 : ?A (P?ST?)HU?A?ISATI?? DE ?A TECH????GIE... 253 ?.? L"homme?machine?????......................................................???????08? ? CHAPITRE 5 : ?A R?B?TISATI?? DE ?"HU?AI? ..................... 330 vii? ? CHAPITRE 6 : ?ES BI?TECH????GIES ...............???...............?? 408 ? Le?sublime?technologique?????/?Le?d?miurgisme?S??......??????8 viii? ?? Une?civilisation?eug?niste?....................................???????8? ? Le?d?terminisme?g?n?tique?..................................???????7?? ? L"utopie?des??toiles?...........................................???????80?

TR?ISIE?E PARTIE :

?ES ??UVEAUX ???DES ......?...... 498 ? CHAPITRE 7 : CYBERIA .........................................................? 502 ? CHAPITRE 8 : EC?T?PIA ......................................................... 573 ix? C??C?USI?? GE?ERA?E....................................??...............?? 642 A??EXES ........................................................................? 651 C?RPUS ...............................................................?? 710 BIB?I?GRAPHIE ...............................................................? 711

I?DEX GE?ERA? ..............................................................................?? 752

I?DEX DES FI??S CITES .................................?.................................?? 759 ?I?TR?DUCTI?? GE?ERA?E ?? ??Le?monde?est?en?train?de?se?transformer?si?rapidement??nous?courons?tous?apr?s?lui? Une? des? id?es? majeures? concernant? le? cin?ma? de? science-fiction? ?S??? hollywoodien? consiste? ?? voir? celui-ci? comme? profond?ment? conservateur?? voire? longue? tradition? d"intrigues? voyant? des? d?couvertes? scientifiques? et? des?inventions? technologiques? se? retourner? contre? leur? cr?ateur? et? menacer? l"humanit?? toute? enti?re.? Un? personnage?s"exclame?ainsi? typiquement?qu"??il?y? a?des? choses?que?nous? ne?sommes?pas? cens?s?conna?tre ??????lizabeth?dans?Bride of ?rankenstein???9???.?La?citation?est?int?ressante? en? cela? qu"elle? souligne? la? pr?dominance? du? conte? de? Mary? Shelley???rankenstein?? dans? Am?rique? comme? dans? le? reste? du? monde? ??990?? ?09?.? Mais? elle? souligne? ?galement? voire? sublime?? comme? nous? le? verrons? plus? en? d?tail.? La? technologie? est? trop? souvent? et? les? machines? pr?existantes? d"un? c?t??? et? la? science? moderne? de? l"autre?? que? la? The New Atlantis?de??rancis?Bacon?en???????qui?par?bien?des?aspects?pr?figure?les?utopies? Nous? verrons? ?galement? que? la? technologie? joue? un? r?le? ?pist?mologique?important? dans?

textes?? quant? aux? questions? que? se? posent? d?sormais? les? scientifiques? et? les? philosophes?

?physique? et? m?taphysique? ayant? presque? part? ?gale? en? S??.? N?anmoins? comme? nous? le? Mumford? qualifie? de? ??mythe? de? la? machine??? ?passim?.? Plus? encore?? c"est? un? nouvel? transformer? le? monde? et? d"instaurer? Utopia? gr?ce? au? savoir? technique? et? aux? machines.?

naissance? au? tournant? du? XXe? si?cle? ?? la? science-fiction?? va? ?voluer? ?? l"occasion? de? son?

modifications? importantes? dans? sa? forme? et? la? conceptualisation? de? l"ordre? social? qu"elle?

tant? que? forme? litt?raire? d?finie?? et? de? l"utopisme? ?en? tant? que? mode? de? pens?e? et? de?

repr?sentation? de? l"ailleurs? g?ographique? et? temporel? et? de? l"alternative? sociale?.? Si? elle?

constaterons?ainsi?in fine???quel?point?l"utopisme?a?encore?droit?de?cit??dans?l"imaginaire? Notre? approche? de? la? notion? d"imaginaire? est? concomitante? de? celle? de?repr?sentation? manifestes?? qui? peuvent? ?tre? compar?s? aux? productions? litt?raires?? th??trales? ou?

mais? surtout? ?? l"imagination? du? spectateur/auditeur/lecteur?? une? certaine? conception? de? la?

in fine?celui?de?la?machine.?La?notion?de?repr?sentation?permet?enfin?de?souligner?le?caract?re? concernent? avant? tout? ??la? machine???? elles? ont? ?galement? trait? ?? la? notion? d"un? homme? ??technologie??.? La? notion? d"imaginaire? culturel?? sans? ?tre? pour? autant? n?cessairement? qui? lie? les? multiples? repr?sentations? culturelles?? diachroniques? et? synchroniques?? de? la? parler?d"une???culture?am?ricaine??.??

La? science-fiction? a? donc? tout? ?? voir? avec? la? science? et? avec? la? technologie?? avec? la?

des? scientifiques? ou? des? ing?nieurs?? et?? en? retour?? avec? la? repr?sentation? que? s"en? fait? la?

??culture? populaire??.? ?l? existe? une? difficult?? importante? dans?l"application? de? ce? terme? ??

?ollywood?? puisque? les? films? du? corpus? ne? sont? pas? le? fait? de? la? population? mais? de? s"y?sont?durablement?install?s??de??00? ??Avatar?en?passant?par?les?Star Wars??les?Terminator?

cas? de? culture? populaire?? m?me? s"il? s"agit? de? rester? conscient? des? limites? de? la? notion?

lorsqu"elle?est?appliqu?e????ollywood.??

Nous? ne? traitons? presque? pas? de? la? r?ception? de? ces? films? par? le? ou?les? publics?? et? nous?

que?le?public? ?les?publics??per?oivent?tous? ces? messages?? ou? en?aient?la?m?me?lecture? et? productions? culturelles? synchroniques? du? pays?? en? faisant? intervenir? les? repr?sentations? l"ensemble? de? ces? productions?? ou? m?me? en? ?tablissant? un? ?chantillon? statistiquement? repr?sentatif?de?la? culture?nationale.?N?anmoins? le?corpus?a??t??constitu??afin?de? refl?ter? nombreux? autres? m?dias? intervenant? en? amont? ou? en? aval? du? film? lui-m?me.? ?l?est? donc? p?riph?rique?? ces? autres?productions.? C"est? m?me?pr?cis?ment? ces?compl?mentarit?s?et? ce? seul?aspect?mercantile.??

qui? traite? de? sujets? ?la? science?? la? technologie? et? les? machines?? le? pouvoir? que? celles-ci?

??la?nature????qui? ‘parlent"???tout???chacun?aujourd"hui?? quel? que?soit? son?pays? d"origine? ?tats-Unis? restent?? avec? le? ?apon?? la? source? presque? exclusive? de?l"imaginaire? S?? m?me?vis-?-vis?du??apon.??

d"Aylish? Wood?? pour? qui? ??les? images? de? la? science? et? de? la? technologie? sont? bien? plus?

7? utopiques? pr?sentes? en? science-fiction?? tant? les? deux? genres? ont? en?commun?? et? tant? la? Le?X?Xe?si?cle?donne? naissance???l"utopisme?technologique??mais?le? XXe?si?cle? cr?e?un? techno-utopisme? plus? sp?cifique? qui? tend? ?? se? concentrer? sur? l"augmentation? du? corps? de?

l"individu? et? partant? de? l"humanit?? toute? enti?re.? Ce? courant?? malgr?? sa? complexit?? et? sa?

pluralit??? tend? n?anmoins? ?? ?tre? qualifi?? aujourd"hui? sous? l"appellation?g?n?rale? de? anti-utopie?technologique?du?XXe?si?cle??Brave New World???9???.?D?s?le?d?part??un?d?bat? C?? des? Lumi?res.? Mais? le? transhumanisme?? et? plus? encore? le? ??posthumanisme???? sont? aussi? 8? soixante? et? soixante-dix? critiquait? et? rejetait? en? grande? partie? l"utopie? technologique? Cyborg Manifesto???98??.?Le?cyborg?est?pour?la?philosophe?le?moyen?rh?torique?de?traduire?la? qu"une? d?esse???? ?8???? ?araway? propose? ainsi? de? d?tourner? la? technologie?et? d"en? faire?

les? cyborgs? sont? ??l"engeance? ill?gitime? du? militarisme? et?du? capitalisme? patriarcal???? ils?

peuvent? aussi?? selon? la? socialiste? ?araway?? du? fait? de? leur? non-essentialisme? biologique??

sont? les? premi?res? vis?es? par? l"aspiration? de? ?araway?? mais?les? autres? ??minorit?s??? sont?

?galement? incluses??? la? technologie? moderne?? engendr?e? en? grande? partie? par? ??l"homme? quatre-vingt?? le? transhumanisme? et? le? posthumaniste? repr?sentent?donc? des? approches?

leur? importance? centrale? dans? le? projet? social? humaniste? et? moderne?? peuvent? alors? faire?

9? pourrions? ajouter? que? le? cyborg? est? aussi? notre? mythologie?? tant? la? figure? de? l"homme?

transform?? est? centrale? ?? l"imaginaire? contemporain? et? au? corpus.? Si? la? figure? de? l"?tre?

des? technologies? cybern?tiques? qu"?? symboliser? le? nouvel? ?tat? fusionnel? de? l"humanit?? m?canis?e? ou? plus? globalement? artificialis?e.? ?l? s"agit? n?anmoins? de? ne? pas? confondre?

??cyberpunk???? refl?te? ?? son? tour? les? espoirs? et? les? peurs? li?es? ?? des? technologies? qui?

verrons? tout? au? long? du? pr?sent? travail? ?? quel? point? les? films? du? corpus? refl?tent? ces?

th?matiques?? tendant? parfois? plus? vers? le? transhumanisme? ou? le? posthumanisme? ?pour? les? technologique.?? Science ?oundation?en??00???Converging Technologies for ?mproving ?uman Performances.? Le? rapport?? produit? par? et? pour? le? gouvernement? am?ricain? afin? d"aider? ?? d?cider? des?

NB?C??Nano-Bio-?nfo-Cogno

?0? renaissance????renvoyant???l"?poque?o??les?diverses?sciences?et? technologies?n"?taient? pas? ?n? pourrait? ajouter? que? cette? convergence? renvoie? ?galement? ?? un? retour? de? l"imaginaire? Deux? grands? projets? symbolisent? cette? double? approche?:? d"une? part?? le??uman ?enome

am?liorant? les? capacit?s? d?j?? existantes?et? en? cr?ant? de? nouvelles? ?le? projet? atteint? son?

accomplissement? en? ?000?? ?? de? l"autre?? le??uman Cognome Project?? destin?? cette? fois? ?? cartographier? le? cerveau? humain? et? ses? r?seaux? synaptiques?? afin??? nouveau? de? pouvoir? reproduire?? modifier? et? am?liorer? les? capacit?s? cognitives? humaines.?Le? corps? et? l"esprit? celle? d"un? surhomme?? notion? qui? revient? fatalement? en? filigrane? de? celle? du? posthumain.? L"individu? mais? aussi? l"esp?ce? humaine? toute? enti?re? pourraient? ?tre? modifi?es? par? ces? corps? qui? am?lioreront? la? connaissance? qu"a? chaque? personne? de? sa? sant?? et? de? son? plus?facile???r?parer?et?plus?r?sistant????? ??les?machines?et?structures?de?toutes?sortes?[...?? ?personnes??? seront? ?radiqu?s??? ??la? d?fense? nationale? sera? grandement? renforc?e????? ??la?

convergence? pourrait? ainsi? mener? ?? ??un? ?ge? d"innovation? et? de? prosp?rit?? qui? serait? un?

tournant? dans? l"?volution? de? la? soci?t?? humaine???? l"?mergence? ??de?nouveaux? types?

d"individus??? et? la? ??transformation? de? la? civilisation???? un? nouvel? ???ge? d"or??? pour? la?

prosp?rit?? universelle? et? une? ?volution? vers? un? niveau? sup?rieur? de? compassion? et? technologiques?de?la?convergence?NB?C.?? L"utopisme? technologique? n"est? donc?? ?? l"instar? de? son? pr?d?cesseur?? pas? uniquement? l"imaginaire? mais? un? mode? d"expression?? de? perception? et? de? repr?sentation? du? monde?

moderne?? en? particulier? aux? ?tats-Unis.? C"est? en? cela? que? l"on? peut? toujours? parler? avec?

du?genre????la?page?comme???l"?cran?:? souligner?l"artificialit??de?toute?chose??d?nier?tout? la?d?construction?de?ce?m?me?projet.?Si? la?technologie?doit??tre?d?tourn?e??l"utopie? et? la? science-fiction?? les? genres? humanistes? et? modernes? par? excellence??doivent? donc? l"?tre? ?galement.?? La?citation?d"?lizabeth? dans?Bride of ?rankenstein?permet? enfin?de?souligner?la?pr?sence? fr?quente? d"un? d?bat? ou? d"une? discussion? dans? ces? films?? opposant? des? conceptions? pas? la? m?me? perspective? et? les? m?mes? conclusions? quant? ?? la? relation? liant? humains? et? machines.? Nous? esp?rons? pourtant? pouvoir? isoler? les? grandes? lignes? de?faille? du? genre? aujourd"hui??tout?en?soulignant?les?diff?rences?r?elles?qui?existent?au?sein? d"un?genre?qui?? de?la?machine.?? films?importants?du?genre??qui?annoncent??plus?encore?que?le?premier?Star Wars cinq?ans? auparavant?? un? tournant? important? dans? l"histoire? du? genre? et? dans? l"histoire?des? repr?sentations?culturelles?de?la?machine.?Blade Runner et?Tron?ouvrent?ainsi?le?corpus??qui? le? plus? vendu? ?? ce? jour ?? et? symbolise? la? r?volution? dans? le? rapport? des? individus? ?? la? jusque?dans?le?corpus?lui-m?me.?? ? Constitution du corpus L"utopisme? technologique? et? transhumaniste?? les? technologies? NB?C? et? les? valeurs? l"industrie? cin?matographique? am?ricaine? qui? y? a? historiquement? ?tabli? ses? quartiers?? ?ollywood? n"est? pourtant? pas? l"unique?? voire? m?me? principal?? localisation? des? studios? et? de? suite? drastiquement? resserr??:? ??8? films? furent? ainsi? distribu?s? sur? les? ?crans? nord-

?? ?http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/08/ajb/tmve/wiki?00k/docs/Commodore???.html>?? dernier? acc?s? le?

0?/09/?0??.??

?am?ricains???tats-Unis???Canada grands? studios ?.? Le? principal? int?r?t? ici? est? celui? du? degr?? d"exposition?d"un? film? :? la?

production/distribution? par? les? grands? studios? ?et? leurs? moyens? publicitaires?? garantit? la?

m?diatisation?mondiale? de?films?vus?par?des?dizaines??voire?des?centaines? de?millions? de? films?en?question sous-traitent?dans?une?certaine?mesure?en?effet? la?production?de?leurs?films???des?studios? Pictures??producteur?de?Demolition Man?et?des?Matrix?pour?le?compte?de?la?Warner??qui?les?a? compte?? parmi? les?majors?? les? grands? studios? historiques?:? Warner?? Universal?? Paramount?? ??New?New??ollywood

9???.?Walt Disney Pictures?compte??galement?parmi?les?grands?studios?

dans?le?cin?ma?d"animation.?? corpus??depuis?les?ann?es?cinquante

?? Les? m?dias? ne? le? pr?cisent? pas? toujours? mais? les? chiffres? qui? sont? donn?s? et? qui? concernent? le? march??

nous?souscrivons??Kr?mer??89-9??.?

?0?Le?premier?film?de?science-fiction?de?Disney???0?000 Leagues Under The Sea??sort?en??9??.?Mais?les?choses?

s"acc?l?rent?pour?Disney?dans?les?ann?es?quatre-vingt??lorsque?le?studio?fonde?notamment?Touchstone Pictures?

?ses? films? d"animation?? dont? la? tr?s? grande? majorit?? sont? aujourd"hui? des? films? en? images?

num?riques? produits? par? Pixar? Animated? Studios? pour? le? compte? de? Disney.? Le? cin?ma? parmi? les? plus? gros? succ?s? commerciaux? annuels ??.? Ce? cin?ma?? qui? ne? s"adresse? pas? l"on? verra? que? le? film? d"animation? du? corpus??Wall?e? ??008??? met? en? abyme? son? propre? ?galement? des? studios? qui? sont? parfois? qualifi?s? de? ??mini-majors????qui? produisent? et/ou? cas? en? ce? qui? concerne? notamment? Lionsgate? ?ilms?? New? Line? Pictures?? ?rion? et? ?ocus? derni?res?ann?es??e.g.??New?Line?et?les?Lord of The Rings?.?Les?consid?rer???part?des?majors? ne?serait?donc?pas?pertinent.?? sont? pas? am?ricains?? ?? commencer? par? les? r?alisateurs?:? Paul? Verhoeven? ?RoboCop?? est? hollandais???ean-Pierre??eunet??Alien: Resurrection??est?fran?ais??tandis?que??ames?Cameron?

international? dans? les? recettes? r?alis?es? par? les? films?? et? donc? l"importance? prise? par? les?

am?ricain.?L"immense?succ?s?mondial?de??urassic Park??The Matrix?ou?Avatar?ne?d?montre-t- il?pas? la?popularit??internationale?de?la?science-fiction??de?l"esth?tique?et? des?th?matiques?

box-office?am?ricain?et?mondial??tel?que?l"atteste?la?t?tralogie?des?Pirates of the Caribbean??inspir??d"une?des?

attractions?de?ses?parcs.??

???Le?plus?gros?succ?s?de?l"ann?e??0?0?au?box-office?nord-am?ricain?est?Toy Story ???tandis?que?des?films?

d?ment-il? pas? toute? tentative? de? voir? dans? ses? films? l"?cho? d"une? culture? populaire? durant?l"analyse?du?corpus.?? ou? la? science-fiction? ?parfois? qualifi?s? de? ??films? de? genre?????ou? quand? il? s"agit? des? ??blockbusters???estivaux?devenus?la?marque?de?fabrique?du?New New ?ollywood.?Cependant? m?me?quand?un?tel?public-cible?existe ans?? garantit? ?galement? le? caract?re? structurel? des? tendances? identifi?es?? tout? en? nous? Les? films? S?? envisag?s? dans? leur? acception? hollywoodienne? pr?sentent? l"int?r?t? suppl?mentaire?qu"ils? constituent? le?genre?hollywoodien?majeur?depuis?les? ann?es? quatre- vingt?:?le?premier??pisode?des?Star Wars ??977??domine?le?box-office?am?ricain?jusqu"en? ?98???date???laquelle???T? The ?xtraterrestrial?prend?la?t?te?du?box-office?am?ricain??qu"il? garde?jusqu"??la?ressortie?en?salles?des?Star Wars?en??997?et?surtout?la?sortie?de?Titanic de? eux?aussi?parmi?les?premi?res?places?du?box-office?nord-am?ricain?annuel???urassic Park??les? Matrix??Wall?e??les??ron Man???.?Le?box-office??s"il?est?un?outil?s?duisant?de?par?sa?production?

???L??encore?il?est?difficile?de?savoir?avec?exactitude?la?nature?du?public?d"un?film?et?a fortiori d"un?genre?

??? ?http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm>?? dernier? acc?s? le? ??/0?/?0??.? Ces? chiffres? sont?

National Association of Theatre ?wners?se?contente?de?donner?le?prix?d"une?place?de?cin?ma?pour?une?ann?e?

?7? du?public??de?la?technologie consid?r?es? comme? parfaitement? satisfaisantes.? D"autres? films??apr?s? une? exploitation? Les? succ?s? eux-m?mes?sont?parfois? ??relativiser??notamment?lorsqu"une?grande?partie?des? de?la?fr?quentation?en?salle?s"effondrent?d"un?week-end?sur?l"autre?:?The Matrix Revolutions?a? premiers? jours? de? sa? sortie ?7.? Une? telle? chute? est? relativement? fr?quente? pour? les? grosses? productions? hollywoodiennes?? mais? il? est? possible? de? l"interpr?ter? comme? r?sultant? d"un? mauvais?bouche-?-oreille.? Le?film?pourrait?ainsi??tre?consid?r??comme?un??chec??d"autant?

les?s?ances?en??D?et??MAX??plus?ch?res????http://www.natoonline.org/statisticstickets.htm>?? dernier?acc?s?le?

inflation??d"apr?s?boxofficemojo.com??one with the Wind???9?9??resterait?en?t?te?du? box-office??tandis?que?

d"autres?m?lodrames?historiques??continuent?d"appara?tre?en?haut?de?tableau?et?qu"Avatar n"appara?t?plus?qu"en?

plus? gros? succ?s? nationaux.? ??http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm>?? dernier? acc?s? le?

??/0?/?0???.?

???L"exemple?paradigmatique?d"un?film??chouant?lors?de?son?exploitation?en? salle?mais?rencontrant?un??cho?

grandissant???mesure?de?sa?distribution?en?vid?o?et???la?t?l?vision?est?Blade Runner??un?des?films?S??les?plus?

?8? aident???faire?du?corpus?un??chantillon?repr?sentatif?de?la?production?hollywoodienne.? Le?

vingt? y? figurent? peu?? puisque? seuls? trois? films? de? cette? d?cennie? y?sont? pr?sents? ?8%? du?

consid?rablement.? Les? ann?es? deux? mille? surtout? sont? celles? sur? lesquelles? nous? nous? remonte?jusqu"???999?inclus.?? Nous? allons? ?galement? ?? l"?conomie?? notamment? en? ce? qui? concerne? les? s?ries?

de? la? s?rie? des?Terminator? mais? pas? les? pr?c?dents?:? le? film? met? ?? nouveau? en? sc?ne? la?

s?ries? cin?matographiques? ?de?m?me?souvent? que?les?remakes???qui? illustrent? tr?s?bien?le? principe? de? continuit?s? et? de? variations? propres? aux? genres? cin?matographiques? dans? leur? ?9?

en? grande? partie? r?sum?e? par? le? premier? film?? les? ?pisodes? suivants? n"apportant? rien? de?

pertinent? d"encadrer? le? corpus? de? deux? films? appartenant? ?? la? m?me?s?rie??Tron?:? les? ann?es??coul?es.?? comprendre? la? place? du? progr?s? technologique? et? de? la? machine? au? sein? de? l"imaginaire? technologique?r?pond?d?j??l"utopisme? arcadien? et? pastoral??et? si? le?premier?donne?bient?t? chapitre? ?tudie? plus? sp?cifiquement? la? science-fiction?? ou? plus? pr?cis?ment? les? sciences-

l"utopie?? ainsi? qu"avec? la?fantasy?? genre? ?galement? manifeste? dans? plusieurs? des? films? du?

corpus? et? donc? ?troitement? li?? ?? la? S?.? Le? troisi?me? chapitre? d?finit? quant? ?? lui? l"utopie?

nous?retrouverons?dans?le?corpus.??

La? deuxi?me? partie? entame? l"?tude? du? corpus?? en? se? focalisant? sur? la? figure? de? l"humain?

restreint???principalement?dans?les?films?Blade Runner??Alien: Resurrection? ?? Robot et?les? deux??ron Man.?La?technologie?peut?potentiellement?y?conf?rer?un?suppl?ment?d"humanit???? d?mocratiques? qui? monopolisent? son? utilisation.? N?anmoins? nous? verrons? d?s? ce? chapitre? appara?tre?des?contre-exemples??Star Trek: ?irst Contact???tant?les?films?du?corpus?aiment??? ?0? comme? nouvel? instrument? de? la? d?shumanisation? et? de? la? robotisation? des? individus? ?principalement?dans?The Stepford Wives? ?amer??et The Surrogates?.?Le?chapitre?six?fait?en? quelque? sorte? la? synth?se? de? ce? deux? approches? en? adoptant? la? perspective? des? biotechnologies?? qui? comme? nous? le? verrons? m?ritent? une? ?tude? sp?cifique.?Y? sont? plus? sp?cifiquement??tudi?s??odsend??The ?th Day? The ?sland et??attaca.?Nous?aurons??galement? l"occasion? d"aborder?? notamment? aux? chapitres? cinq? et? six?? la? question? de? l"anti-utopie? technologique? ?Demolition Man??Wall?e??Surrogates??The ?sland???attaca?? et? son? rapport? d"?nternet? et? des? mondes? virtuels? qu"on? y? trouve.? Le? chapitre? sept? proposera? ainsi? enfin? continue? d"?tudier? le? trope? du? monde? secondaire? et? virtuel?? mais? se? focalise? trouve? des? repr?sentations? dans?Avatar?? mais? aussi Star Trek: ?nsurrection? et?Wall?e.? Le? ?Partie 1 : Ut?pies et Scie?ces Ficti??s d?veloppe? la? presse? et? l"?dition? de? masse? ?? travers? notamment? les?dime novels? et?pulp science-fiction? am?ricaine.? La? technologie? investit? progressivement? tous? les? domaines? de? ??en?r?sultant?se?manifeste? bient?t?via?l"apparition?de?ce?ph?nom?ne?que?l"on? baptisera?bient?t? en?Am?rique?science progr?s? technologiques? que? des? avanc?es? proprement? scientifiques.? Pourtant?? cette? m?me?

si?cle? l"art? le? plus? machinique? et? le? plus? technologique? qui? soit?:?le? cin?matographe?? qui?

appara?t?aux?alentours? de??89??en?pleine? effervescence?technologique.? Le? cin?ma?se?voit?

vite? ?? son? tour? le? r?ve? technologiste? de? l"Am?rique?? ‘mettant? en? sc?ne"? ??son? tour?? et?

sur? les? sp?cificit?s?? voire? les? particularismes?? am?ricains? du?ph?nom?ne.? L"auteur? le? plus?

souvent?qualifi??de?technologiste

est? souvent? caract?ris?? comme? le? p?re? de? la? science-fiction?? ?.?.? Wells?? est? anglais.? Si?

des?inventions?modernes.?? montrer?? la? technologie?? sa? nature? et? sa? place? exacte? au? sein? de?la? nation? am?ricaine?? constituent? pour? les? ?tats-Unis? une? question? ?minemment? civilisationnelle? et? identitaire?? progr?s? technologique? sur? la? soci?t?? am?ricaine?? r?ve? et? repr?sentations? dans? lesquels? retiendra?plus?de?b?nir?la?vie????comme?le?r?sume??rnst? Bloch??aux?accents?proph?tiques? typiques? de? l"utopie? futuriste?? en? ?9?8? dans?L"?sprit de l"utopie ?????.? Le? r?ve? de? r?g?n?ration?? si? longtemps? pr?sent? dans? l"imaginaire? relatif? au? continent? am?ricain? puis? du? monde?? sera? alors? ?troitement? identifi?? au? progr?s? technologique?? et? tr?s? souvent? au? machine. progr?s? technologique??tournant? qui? a?profond?ment?marqu??la?science-fiction?litt?raire? et?

tr?s? t?t? ?? inclure? des? visions? plus? critiques?? voire? discordantes?? de? la? Machine?? celle-ci?

devenant? tr?s? vite? un? symbole? utilis?? pour? v?hiculer? des? valeurs? parfois? diam?tralement?

que? gr?ce? ?? l"?mergence? d"un? dialogue? sp?cifique??? ??-??.? C"est? ce? dialogue?? tel? qu"il? se?

?cho?aux?aspirations?profondes? de?la?nation??et?appara?t?d?sormais?? et?aujourd"hui? encore? Seulement? alors? pourrons-nous? ?tudier? sp?cifiquement? la? place? du? cin?ma? dans? cette? les?films?du?corpus.? S"il? n"est? donc? pas? question? ici? d"?tudier? dans? le? d?tail? l"?volution? de? l"imaginaire?

l"?re? technologique? aux? ?tats-Unis? et? les? premi?res? repr?sentations? qui? sont? faites? de? la?

science? puis? progressivement? de? la? machine.? La? technologie? remplace? progressivement? la? aux? d?buts? de? la? nation?? est? ainsi? progressivement? associ?? au? cours? du? si?cle? plus? ?sp?cifiquement? aux? machines? et? ?? une? technologie? dont? l"apparence? et? les? promesses?

utopiques? capturent? tr?s? vite? l"imaginaire? national.? Les? repr?sentations? culturelles? de? la?

de? l"utopisme? technologique? litt?raire? dans? ce? qu"on? appellera? bient?t? aux? ?tats-Unis? la? progr?s? technologique.? Nous? pourrons? enfin? commencer? d"y? ?tudier? le? cin?ma? S?? ensemble.? Complexe? et? multiforme?? le? transhumanisme? s"axe? sur? une? transformation? de? m?ne? ?? ce? r?ve? S?? p?renne? qu"est? le? posthumain?? un? ?tre? humain? si? transform?? par? la? ?Chapitre 1 : ?"ut?pis?e tech????gique

??Ceux? qui? cultivent? les? sciences? chez? les? peuples?d?mocratiques? craignent? toujours? de? se? perdre? dans?les?

utopies???

raison?? progr?s? et? r?g?n?ration? de? l"humanit??? est? primordiale? dans? la? mesure? o?? elle? va?

les? institutions? politiques? et? les? valeurs? am?ricaines? sont? encore? relativement? fluides?? l"imaginaire?de?la?nation.? Alors?qu"?mergent? dans?tout?l"occident??en?cette?fin?de?XV???e?

industrielle? et? technologique? a? un? profond? impact? sur? le? nationalisme? am?ricain? naissant.?

Comme? le? souligne? David? W.? Noble?? ??A? partir? d"environ? ?770? et? jusqu"en? ?8?0??

leur? relation? exacte? de? causalit??? sont? tr?s? vite? indissociables??79??.? De? m?me?? les? ?lites?

massive? qui? annonce? tant? la? r?volution? technologique? que? l"av?nement? du? capitalisme?

Machine??.?

?. ?en?se?du???mythe?de?la?machine???? del?? m?me? du? nationalisme? qui? se? cristallise? petit? ?? petit? au? cours? du? XV???e? si?cle??

n"est? pas? encore? un? genre? litt?raire? mais? d?j?? une? fa?on? de? percevoir?? de? penser? et? de?

repr?senter?le?monde.?? a?.?La?R?publique?des?Lumi?res? des? Lumi?res? et? sont? de? grands? d?fenseurs? et? apologues? de? la? science? et? du? progr?s? scientifique

dans? l"esprit? des? Puritains? de? la? Nouvelle? Angleterre.? Cette? importance? se? maintiendra? dans? la? th?ologie?

am?ricaine? ult?rieure?? m?me? si?? comme? le? souligne? Miller?? la? science? y? est?in fine? subordonn?e? ?? la?

but? de? pr?parer? ce? qu"il? se? propose? de? faire? pour? son? ?glise? dans? les? jours? prochains? de? sa? prosp?rit?? ??

?R?demption??????.?? ?7? ?appartiennent? ?? l"une? ou? l"autre? des? grandes? soci?t?s? savantes? de? l"?poque?? la?American Philosophical Society?de?Philadelphie??fond?e?en??7???par?Benjamin??ranklin??un?des?P?res? fondateurs?et?lui-m?me?pionnier?des??tudes?sur?l"?lectricit???ou?la?American Academy of Arts and Sciences? de? Boston?? fond?e? en? ?780? par? ?ohn? Adams?? autre? P?re? fondateur? et? futur? pr?sident? des? ?tats-Unis? ??79?-?800?.? La? plupart? sont? ?galement? membres? des? grandes? soci?t?s? savantes? europ?ennes?? comme? c"est? le? cas? de? Thomas? ?efferson?? qui? correspond? plus? renomm?s.? ?efferson?? avocat? de? formation? aux? centres? d"int?r?ts? scientifiques? innombrables? et? dont? la? biblioth?que? devait? former? le? point? de? d?part?de? la?Library of Congress?? s"int?ressa? sa? vie? durant? ?? des? sciences? aussi? diverses? que? l"astronomie?? la? ???? et? collectionneur? des? inventions? et? gadgets? les? plus? divers?? comme? sa? r?sidence?? Monticello?? truff?e? des? m?canismes? en? tous? genres?? en? t?moigne? encore? aujourd"hui? ?cf.? Bedini?? ?00??? 7?-8??.? ?l? supervisa? en? outre? le? tout? nouveau?Patents ?ffice?? destin?? ?? ?.?Merrill?D.?Peterson??crit? ?tats-Unis???800-?808??et?pr?sident?de?l"American Philosophical Society???797-?8???????fut? Quand? ils? ne? sont? pas? savants?? les? R?volutionnaires? sont? ing?nieurs?:? ainsi? par? exemple? l"ubiquit?? des? ??m?taphores? et? analogies? avec? la? m?decine? et? les? sciences? physiques? et?

?? De? nouvelles? armes? et? engins? de? guerre? verront? ainsi? le? jour? durant? le? conflit?? notamment? la? ??tortue?

technologique? au? service? de? la? nation?:? ?? la? puissance? anglaise?? les? R?volutionnaires? comptaient? opposer?

?8?

effet? de? cesse? dans? leurs? ?crits? et? discours? de? mettre? en? avant? l"avancement? du? savoir?

scientifique? dans? les? jeunes? ?tats-Unis? et? l"importance? de? ce? fait? pour? la? r?volution? d?mocratique? mondiale? alors? en? cours??liant? ?troitement?les?deux?ph?nom?nes.? L??encore?

de? la? philosophie? ‘?clair?e".? ?efferson? peut? ainsi? ?crire?? pensant? ??la? future? g?n?ration?

qu"une? nation? excellera? toujours? dans? ces? deux? domaines?? en? proportion? ?? son? degr?? de?

libert???? ??efferson?? ?98??? 9?9?.? Benjamin? ?ranklin? quant? ?? lui? est? accueilli? en? h?ros? par?

l"American Philosophical Society?au?retour?de?sa?mission?diplomatique?fran?aise?en??78???

la? science? et? la? ??vertu???? notion? revenant? sans? cesse? sous? la? plume? des? Lumi?res?? est?

La? corr?lation? entre? libert??? raison? et? science? se? retrouve? ainsi? partout? dans? les? ?crits? de?

sons? joyeux/De? libert?? et? de? vie??? douce? libert???/Sans? l"aide? de? qui? le? plus? grand? g?nie?

?9? n"a? ainsi? de? cesse? dans? sa? correspondance? de? m?ler? inextricablement? l"av?nement? de? la?

perfectibilit?? humaine?? ??la? libert?? &? la? science??? ?tant? les? deux? grandes? r?ussites? de? la?

g?n?ration? r?volutionnaire? ??98??? ?0????? la? libert?? elle-m?me? ?tant? d?crite? par? ?efferson? sur? la? possible? d?g?n?rescence? des? esp?ces? animales? et?v?g?tales? affligeant? le? nouveau? d?veloppement.? Pour? ?efferson?? comme? pour? bien? d"autres?? la? science? ne? pouvait? se? r?fugier?en?Am?rique?? ??tout?comme?le?pape?imaginait??en? emprisonnant? ?alil?e? et? en?le? Peterson?? ?79?.? Un? texte? intitul??The Progress of Science? ??780?? souligne? ainsi? qu"???en?

humain?? et? le? pr?pare? ?? recevoir? les? vertus? les? plus? exalt?es? ainsi? que? la? science? la? plus?

L"introduction? et? les? progr?s? de? la? libert?? sont? g?n?ralement? accompagn?s? de? l"introduction? et? des? progr?s? des? lettres? et? de? la? science.? Sous? les? gouvernements? ??ohn??ardiner??An ?ration delivered ?uly ?? ?78????Boston ?azette??May?9???78???cit?? Terre? d"accueil? d"une? raison? scientifique? exil?e?? l"Am?rique?? cette?nation? ??avan?ant? ?0?

??efferson? lors? de? son? premier? discours? inaugural?? cristallise? d?sormais? les? aspirations? des?

Lumi?res? et? est? appel?e? ?? une? excellence? scientifique? qui? viendrait? en? valider? les? revendications?et?prouverait?son?stade?sup?rieur?de?d?veloppement???efferson?? ?98????9??.? si?cle??de?s"imposer?sur?la?sc?ne?scientifique?internationale??non?seulement? pour?faire?ses? et? l"on? comprend? alors? pourquoi? ?ilbert? Chinard? a? pu? qualifier? ?efferson? d"???ap?tre? de? l"Am?ricanisme???? c"est-?-dire? d"apologue? de? l"id?e? selon? laquelle? l"Am?rique? serait? une? XXe? si?cle? ?? mesure? que? les? ?tats-Unis? gagneront? en? puissance? et? en? prestige? mondial? nationalistes?am?ricaines.?? ?actuelle?????efferson???98????90? Turgot?? le?Tableau philosophique des progr?s successifs de l"esprit humain? ??7?0??? mythologie? nationale? et? dans? la? vision? exceptionnaliste? de? l"Am?rique?? synth?tisant? la? ?rnest? Lee? Tuveson?? dans? son? ouvrage?Redeemer Nation? souligne? ainsi? en? quoi? cet? de?la??rench and ?ndian War????partir?des?ann?es??7?07??pour?en?faire?non?plus?la?fin?des? Lumi?res? am?ricaines?? de? ??mill?narisme? s?culaire??? ??????? et? Michael? Lienesch? de?

quotidienne?? et? relativise? l"assertion? de? ?enry? Steele? Commager?? pour? qui? l"Am?rique?? v?ritable? r?publique?

bien? qu"ils? ne? lui? m?nagent? pas? autant? d"importance? que? les? Lumi?res?? puisqu"ils? la? subordonnent? ?? la?

vision?futuriste?des?Lumi?res?semble??tre??onathan??dwards?dans?son??istory of the Work of Redemption???7?9?.?

d?velopp?e

8? -? l"avenir? envisag?? est? un? monde? temporel? et? rationnel? dans? lequel? r?gne? la?

sur?terre??Tuveson???0? vision?exceptionnaliste?est? un??v?que?anglican???eorge?Berkeley??qui? publie?d?s? ?7???un? po?me?aujourd"hui?c?l?bre??America? or The Muse"s Refuge??une???proph?tie???qui?voit???la?

9?-9??.?La?phrase?Westward the Course of ?mpire Takes its Way??un?des?vers?du?po?me??

devait??tre? reprise?tel?un?slogan?tout?au?long?de?l"histoire?am?ricaine? afin?notamment?de?

?tait? la? destination? logique? du? prochain? grand? empire? ?et? peut-?tre? sa? destination? ultime??

?0.??

Mercier?publie?en??77??le?premier?roman?utopique?de?ce?type??L"An ???0??qui?synth?tise?de?nombreuses?id?es?et?

aper?ues??de?l"utopie???venir?si?la?raison?l"emporte??dont?Les Ruines?de?Volney?ou?L"?squisse?de?Condorcet.?Dans?

surtout? les? cataclysmes? et? conflits? arm?s? pr?dis? avant? l"inauguration? de? la? p?riode? d"harmonie? et? font? du?

?0? ?l? n"est? donc? pas? surprenant? de? voir? Brackenridge?et? ?reneau? d?crire? dans? un? po?me? ??77??? la? marche?

typiquement? am?ricain? entre? Lumi?res? et? mill?narisme.? Comme? le? remarque? Bronislaw? Baczko? des? utopies?

ces? utopies? pratiqu?es? soit? marqu?e? par? une? forte? tonalit?? religieuse?? par? une? foi? messianique?? sinon?

??Tuveson? ne? traite? jamais? sp?cifiquement? de? la? place? de? la? science? dans? cet? imaginaire?

pasteur? et? th?ologien? Timothy? Dwight? par? exemple?? qui? semble??tre? le? pr?curseur? du? que?nous?avons?cit?e??Tuveson???0?-???? Turgot? et? les? Lumi?res? en? g?n?ral? en? r?f?rence? aux? temps? anciens? et? aux? peuples? d?cadente La? repr?sentation? exceptionnaliste? de? ??l"Am?rique???? c"est-?-dire? du? continent? am?ricain? premi?re? lettre? r?dig?e? par? Christophe? Colomb? le? nouveau? continent? est? d?crit? en? termes? bibliques?? mythiques? et/ou? eschatologiques? ?cf.? Mumford? ?ones? par? exemple?? chap.?? notamment? ??.? Tuveson? montre? de? fait? la? lente? ?volution? du? ph?nom?ne? vers? l"exceptionnalisme? et? l"utopisme? moderne?? les? ?tats-Unis? semblant? alors? h?riter? par? superstition?? des? ??vanit?s?? la? corruption? et? la? tyrannie??? de? l"?urope?? ses? ??m?urs? alentours?de?l"an??000??????.?

peuplades? africaines? [et?? l"ignorance? des? sauvages???? illustrant? une? fois? de? plus? l"ad?quation? entre? libert???

?Baczko???9??.? ?spagnols?du?XV?e?si?cle.? ??crire?dans?The Rights of Man?:???Des?rapides?progr?s?op?r?s?par?l"Am?rique?dans?chaque? n"avaient?pas? ?t??tr?s? t?t?corrompus??ces?pays?devraient???l"heure?qu"il?est? ?tre?dans? une?

condition? bien? sup?rieure? ?? ce? qu"elle? est?en? r?alit?? ?? ????? ?0??.? L"Am?rique?? comme? le?

souligne? l"ing?nieur? Paine?? ??a? d?montr?? en? politique? ce? qui? n"?tait?que? th?orie? en? m?canique???:? ??Ce? qu"Archim?de? a? dit? des? pouvoirs? m?caniques? peut? ?tre? appliqu?? ?? la? duquel? l"??Adam? am?ricain???? comme? l"a? caract?ris?? R.W.B.? Lewis?? retrace? l"histoire? du? Comme? le? souligne? Brooke? ?indle?? ce? ??nationalisme? culturel??? devait? consid?rablement?quotesdbs_dbs46.pdfusesText_46