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Before printing this document, highlight the table of contents and hit F9 to update the page numbers.AIR COMBAT COMMAND (ACC)MULTI-COMMAND HANDBOOK 11-F16
AIR EDUCATION AND TRAINING COMMAND (AETC)VOLUME 5
NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU (NGB)EFFECTIVE DATE: 10 MAY 1996PACIFIC AIR FORCES (PACAF)
UNITED STATES AIR FORCES IN EUROPE (USAFE)
Flying Operations
F-16 COMBAT AIRCRAFT FUNDAMENTALS
This handbook provides F-16 pilots a single-source, comprehensive document containing fundamentalemployment procedures and techniques that may be used to accomplish the various missions of the F-16.
This handbook is the primary F-16 fighter fundamentals reference document for Air Combat Command (ACC), Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), Air Force Reserve (USAFR), Air National Guard (ANG), and Air Education and Training Command (AETC). Theprocedures and techniques are presented for pilot consideration in planning and are not for regulatory
purposes. Other procedures and techniques may be used if they are safe and effective. This handbook
applies to ANG units when published in ANGIND2. Designed to be used in conjunction with MCM 3-1 (S) and AFI/MCI 11-series directives, this handbookaddresses basic flying tasks and planning considerations for both the air-to-air and air-to-surface arenas.
It presents a solid foundation on which effective tactics can be developed. This handbook is not designed
to be used as a step-by-step checklist of how to successfully employ fighters, but rather provides information and guidelines on basic procedures and techniques. NOTE: Contact HQ ACC/DOT before releasing this document to a foreign government or contractor.Supersedes MCM 3-3 Volume 5, 1 September 1992
Certified by: HQ ACC DOT (Col Thomas G. Sullivan)HQ AETC/XO (Maj Gen Donald L. Peterson)
NGB/XO (Col John W. Gorman)
HQ PACAF/DO (Maj Gen John M. McBroom)
HQ USAFE/ADO (Col Victor E. Renuart, Jr.)
OPR: HQ ACC/DOT (Maj Michael K. Updike)
Pages: 295 / Distribution: F
Approved by:HQ ACC/ADO (Col D. L. Johnson)Chapter One - INTRODUCTION81.1. OVERVIEW.....................................................8
1.2. PURPOSE............................................................8
1.3. CHANGE PROCEDURES...................................................8
Chapter Two - PREPARATION8
2.1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................8
2.2. ESTABLISHING PRIORITIES.................................................................8
2.3. PRIORITIZING TASKS.............................................................................9
2.4. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS..................................................................9
2.5. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS...................................................................9
2.6. MISSION OBJECTIVES...........................................................................10
2.7. MISPRIORITIZATION.............................................................................11
2.8. SITUATION AWARENESS........................................................................11
2.9. FLIGHT LEADERSHIP............................................................................11
2.10. WINGMAN RESPONSIBILITIES........................................................................11
MCH 11-F16 Vol 5 10 May 19962
2.11. MISSION PREPARATION........................................11
2.12. DEBRIEFING..................................................13
Chapter Three - FORMATION13
3.1. BASIC FORMATION........................................................13
3.2. TACTICAL FORMATION...........................................................19
3.3. TWO-SHIP FORMATIONS................................................................24
3.4. FOUR-SHIP FORMATIONS...................................................................27
3.5. THREE-SHIP FORMATIONS......................................................................31
3.6. TACTICAL TURNS.................................................................................32
Chapter Four - AIR-TO-AIR36
4.1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................36
4.2. PREPARATION......................................................................................36
4.3. AIRCRAFT HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS (AHC).................................................36
4.4. WEAPON SYSTEMS CHECK.......................................................................36
4.5. FENCE CHECK......................................................................................37
4.6. PRINCIPLES/CONCEPTS OF BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS (BFM).................................39
4.7. OFFENSIVE BFM..................................................................................60
4.8. DEFENSIVE BFM..................................................................................69
4.9. HIGH ASPECT BFM..............................................................................77
4.10. AIR COMBAT MANEUVERS (ACM)................................................................82
4.11. 2 V 1 DEFENSIVE VISUAL MANEUVERING.....................................................94
4.12. HIGH-ASPECT ACM..........................................................................104
4.13. INTERCEPTS.....................................................................................105
4.14. GUN EMPLOYMENT...........................................................................110
Chapter Five - AIR-TO-SURFACE119
5.1. THE AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSION...................................................................119
5.2. PREPARATION....................................................................................120
5.3. AIR-TO-GROUND MISSION PLANNING...........................................................120
5.4. SURFACE ATTACK CHECKS.....................................................................123
5.5. INGRESS/EGRESS................................................................................125
5.6. COMPUTED VISUAL BOMBING.......................................................................127
5.7. MANUAL WEAPONS DELIVERY.....................................................................135
5.8. TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS......................................................................146
5.9. STRAFE............................................................................................147
5.10. TAPE ASSESSMENT AND FOOT PRINT DATA.....................................................150
5.11. NONVISUAL BOMBING.......................................................................150
5.12. SYSTEM ALTITUDE ERRORS........................................................................159
5.13. CONTROLLED RANGE PATTERNS.................................................................164
5.14. POP-UP DELIVERIES.............................................................................172
5.15. POP-UP PLANNING.............................................................................176
5.16. FLYING A TACTICAL POP-UP......................................................................180
5.17. POP-UP FORMULAS.............................................................................186
5.18. FLYUP ATTACKS.....................................................................................191
5.19. TWO SHIP EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS......................................................192
5.20. EGRESS...........................................................................................202
5.21. RECOVERY.......................................................................................204
Chapter Six - AIR REFUELING205
6.1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................205
6.2. MISSION PREPARATION.......................................................................205
6.3. GROUND OPERATIONS...............................................................................205
MCH 11-F16 Vol 5 10 May 19963
6.4. EN ROUTE.................................................205
6.5. RENDEZVOUS.................................................205
6.6. RENDEZVOUS OVERRUN....................................................206
6.7. OBSERVATION POSITION.......................................................207
6.8. PREREFUELING CHECKS...............................................................207
6.9. PRECONTACT POSITION..................................................................207
6.10. CONTACT POSITION..........................................................................207
6.11. MAINTAINING CONTACT...................................................................207
6.12. DISCONNECT...............................................................................208
6.13. AIR REFUELING EMERGENCY PROCEDURES.................................................208
6.14. POST REFUELING..........................................................................209
Chapter Seven - LOW ALTITUDE OPERATIONS214
7.1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................214
7.2. LOW ALTITUDE MAPS......................................................................214
7.3. LOW LEVEL ROUTE STUDY....................................................................214
7.4. LOW ALTITUDE AWARENESS...................................................................214
7.5. LOW ALTITUDE TASK PRIORITIZATION.......................................................215
7.6. LOW ALTITUDE INTERCEPT CONSIDERATIONS.................................................215
7.7. LOW LEVEL NAVIGATION....................................................................216
7.8. LOW ALTITUDE MANEUVERING.................................................................219
7.9. EMERGENCIES/ABNORMAL OPERATIONS AT LOW ALTITUDE.................................223
7.10. ROUTE ABORT PROCEDURES....................................................................223
7.11. LOW ALTITUDE FORMATIONS..................................................................223
Chapter Eight - NIGHT OPERATIONS223
8.1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................223
8.2. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS............................................................223
8.3. NIGHT GROUND OPERATIONS....................................................................224
8.4. NIGHT TAKEOFF............................................................................224
8.5. NIGHT FORMATION........................................................................224
8.6. NIGHT/WEATHER INTERCEPTS..................................................................226
8.7. NIGHT SURFACE ATTACK....................................................................227
8.8. NIGHT LANDING............................................................................234
8.9. NIGHT REFUELING.........................................................................235
8.10. IN-FLIGHT DISTRESS SIGNALS--NIGHT VISUAL (AFI 11-205)................................235
Chapter Nine - PROFICIENCY EXERCISES235
9.1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................235
9.2. G-AWARENESS..............................................................................235
9.3. ANTI-G STRAINING MANEUVER (AGSM)....................................................236
9.4. AIRCRAFT HANDLING EXERCISES AND MANEUVERS...............................................239
9.5. FIGHTER PROFICIENCY EXERCISES.............................................................250
9.6. LOW ALTITUDE TRAINING........................................................................258
9.7. FLAME-OUT APPROACH (FO) TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES.................................261
Chapter Ten - LANTIRN263
10.1. THE LANTIRN SYSTEM.........................................................................263
10.2. LANTIRN EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE....................................................263
10.3. ROUTE PLANNING.........................................................................264
10.4. TARGET AREA MISSION PLANNING..........................................................267
10.5. GROUND OPERATIONS........................................................................271
10.6. TFR IN-FLIGHT CHECK....................................................................272
10.7. EN ROUTE CRUISE...........................................273
MCH 11-F16 Vol 5 10 May 19964
10.8. TFR MODES OF OPERATION..........................................273
10.9. LOW LEVEL OPERATIONS..............................................274
10.10. THREAT REACTION................................................275
10.11. LOW ALTITUDE LANTIRN ATTACK OPTIONS................................276
10.12. ESCAPE MANEUVERS...........................................................280
10.13. MEDIUM ALTITUDE INGRESS AND FLIR ATTACKS.....................................281
10.14. THE RETURN TO BASE (RTB) PHASE....................................................284
10.15. RADIO CALLS..............................................................................284
Attachment One - ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND SYMBOLS285Attachment Two - GLOSSARY291
Attachment Three - CODE AND BREVITY WORDS297
Figure 3.1 F-16 Canopy Codes.......................................................................20
Figure 3.2 Six O'Clock Visual Coverage..................................................................21
Figure 3.3 Aircraft References for Six O'Clock Look Angles..............................................21
Figure 3.4 Lookout Responsibilities........................................................................23
Figure 3.5 Two-Ship Line Abreast.......................................................................25
Figure 3.6 Two-Ship Wedge...........................................................................26
Figure 3.7 Fighting Wing...............................................................................27
Figure 3.8 Four Ship Offset Box.........................................................................28
Figure 3.9 Arrowhead Formation...........................................................................28
Figure 3.10 Four Ship Wedge Formation..................................................................29
Figure 3.11 Fluid Four Formation..........................................................................30
Figure 3.12 Spread Four Formation.......................................................................31
Figure 3.13 Three Ship Vic.............................................................................31
Figure 3.14 Delayed 90º and Hook Turns.................................................................34
Figure 3.15 Delayed 45º/Crossturn/Check Turns......................................................34
Figure 3.16 Radio Silent Turns Into Wingman.........................................................35
Figure 3.17 Radio Silent Turns Away From Wingman..................................................35
Figure 4.1 Angular Relationships......................................................................39
Figure 4.2 Attack Pursuit Courses......................................................................40
Figure 4.3 Insufficient Turn Rate To Maintain Lead (Resulting in Lag).................................40
Figure 4.4 Out-of-plane Maneuvering......................................................................41
Figure 4.5 Outside/Inside The Turn Circle...............................................................42
Figure 4.6 Lag Pursuit Outside/Inside the Turn Circle...................................................43
Figure 4.7 Fishhook Turn...............................................................................44
Figure 4.8 Recognizing Turn Circle.....................................................................45
Figure 4.9 Turn Rate and Velocity...........................................................................46
Figure 4.10 Overshoot/Reversal Situation..................................................................47
Figure 4.11 Turning on Offset Turn Circles.............................................................48
Figure 4.12 Lag to Entry Window...........................................................................49
Figure 4.13 Turning at Different Rates.....................................................................50
Figure 4.14 Missile LOS Rates...........................................................................51
Figure 4.15 Vertical Turning.............................................................................52
Figure 4.16 Vertical Overshoot..........................................................................53
Figure 4.17 Vertical Versus Oblique Turning...................................................................53
Figure 4.18 Effect of Bank Angle on Separation.........................................................54
Figure 4.19 Lead Turn..........................................................................................55
Figure 4.20 Lead Turn to Weapons Parameters........................................................56
Figure 4.21 Lead Turn Without Turning Room.........................................................57
Figure 4.22 Turning Away to Defeat Lead Turn.......................................................57