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Artisanal and small-scale mining in Tanzania - Evidence to inform an action dialogue" Willison Mutagwaba, John Bosco Tindyebwa, Veronica Makanta,
Delphinus Kaballega and Graham Maeda
Main Authors
Editorial and oversight team
Corresponding author:
Produced by IIED"s Shaping Sustainable Markets Group
Partner organisation
CON T EN TS
Contents
Acknowledgments
5
Abbreviations and acronyms
6
Summary
8 1
Introduction 11
2
ASM in context in Tanzania 21
3 Tanzania"s governance framework for ASM: current policy and practice 33 4
Stakeholder mapping in Tanzania 47
5
Existing initiatives for more sustainable ASM 61
6
Field study and engagement ndings 67
7 Potential solutions put forward by ASM stakeholders 79 8
Conclusion 87
References
89
Appendices
94
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations and
acronyms AMGC ASM ASGM CASM CBOs CSO DC DED DFID ESRF EPP FDI
FEMATA
FGD
GEREMA
GGM GST ICCM IIED ILO KII LLG LSM
MAREMA
MEM MM MSPI MWI
NAWAPO
NBC NEEC NEMC NEP NMB NRGI OSHA PML PPE REMAs REPOA RMO
SACCOS
SDC SIDO SMMRP SSI
STAMICO
TAMICO
TAMIDA
TAWOMA
TASPA TIB TMAA TRA TWCC UDSM UNECA UNEP
UNFCCC
UNIDO URT VETA
VPO-DoE
WIMA ZMO
Summary
SUMMARY
1
Introduction
1.1Purpose of this report
1.2Methodology
1.2.1Desktop study
1.2.2Multi-stakeholder mapping
1.2.3Primary research and multi-stakeholder engagement
Table 1. Primary study minerals and areas
NoMineral typeMining sitesRegion
Figure 1. Field study locations
Legend
1.3Denitions of artisanal and small-scale
mining Table 2. Denitions of artisanal and small-scale mining
ASM DenitionOrganisation
ASM DenitionOrganisation
1.4Structure of the report
2
ASM in
context in
Tanzania
This section of the paper puts the ASM activities
in Tanzania into context. In addition to describing the overall characteristics of the sector including its geographical spread, numbers of participants and the technology employed specic details are given on the production of
Tanzania"s various mineral commodities.
2.1Introduction to ASM in Tanzania
2.2Characteristics of Tanzanian mineral
production Figure 2. Geological map and mineral occurrences in Tanzania
2.2.1Gold
Figure 3. Typical gold ASM conceptual model of operation in Tanzania
PML holder
Pit owners
Local brokers,
pit nancers
Processing site
Gold brokers
Geita/KatoroDealers
Mwanza/DSM
Miners
Small brokers
(choma choma)
Jewels retailing
Box 1. Key players in the ASM gold supply chain
Primary mining licence (PML) owners
Pit holders
Pit nanciers
Buyers of ore
Onsite gold brokers
Big brokers and jewellers
Processing centres
Cyanidation plants
2.2.2Gemstones
2.2.3Industrial minerals and building materials
2.3Tanzanian ASM in numbers
Figure 4. The trend in PMLs issued 1999-2016
Figure 5. ASM engagement in dierent mineral commodities, 2011 (%) 3
Tanzania"s
governance framework for ASM: current policy and practice
This section is based on research into secondary
sources. It outlines the regulatory setting that governs ASM operations in Tanzania including policy and legislative requirements and then highlights the key issues that are known to impact sustainable ASM in Tanzania, based on a literature review of existing practice.
3.1Steps towards the formalisation of ASM
3.2Policies and legislation governing ASM
in Tanzania
Table 3. National policies relevant to ASM
PolicyPolicy objectives
relevant to ASMAdditional details
PolicyPolicy objectives
relevant to ASMAdditional details
PolicyPolicy objectives
relevant to ASMAdditional details
PolicyPolicy objectives
relevant to ASMAdditional details
Table 4. National legislation relevant to ASM
LegislationRelevance to ASMAdditional details
LegislationRelevance to ASMAdditional details
3.3Known challenges for the sustainability
of ASM in Tanzania
3.3.1Health, safety and the environment
3.3.2Women in mining
3.3.3The interface between ASM and LSM
4
Stakeholder
mapping in
Tanzania
The identication of ASM stakeholders was a
key component of the pre-dialogue process in the Tanzania national dialogue. To be successful the ASM dialogue process needs to engage stakeholders in order to identify the major issues and to understand the knowledge and perspectives of the key players.
4.1Government institutions responsible for
ASM administration
Table 5. Government institutions responsible for ASM administration
LevelInstitutionRole and responsibility
LevelInstitutionRole and responsibility
Mining Act changes in 2017:
Figure 6. Minerals Commission structure as per July 2017 amendment of Mining Act 2010 Mines R esident O fcersResident Mines O fces
Permanent
Secretaries
CEO of FEMATA
Deputy Attorney
General
COMMITTEESSIX COMMISSIONERS
MINERAL COMMISSION
The State Mining Corporation (STAMICO)
Geological Survey of Tanzania (GST)
Regional and local government authorities
4.2Associations
Regional miners" associations (REMAs)
Tanzania Mineral Dealers Association (TAMIDA)
Tanzania Women Miners Association (TAWOMA)
Figure 7. Key institutions in the ASM sector Tanzania
Regional
and Local
Government
Central
Government
ASM
District
C ouncil RC "s O fce M E M T R A
FEMATA
T CM Media C ivil
Society
NE MC
Ministry
of Land NEEC UDSM RE POA M R I AMDC
Village
Govt
TAWOMA
STAMI CO C ommission GST Haki
MadiniHaki
R esilimeli RE MAS LSM
Academic/
Research InstituteNGOs and Civil
Organisations
4.3ASM stakeholders as change agents
Table 6. Role of relevant stakeholders as change agents
StakeholderRole as a change agent
Government agencies
StakeholderRole as a change agent
Mining associations and civil society organisations
StakeholderRole as a change agent
Mining associations and civil society organisations (continued)
Private sector
StakeholderRole as a change agent
Large-scale mining companies
Regional and international organisations
StakeholderRole as a change agent
Media
Academia and research and training organisations
Other government authorities
5
Existing initiatives for
more sustainable ASM To address the challenges facing ASM in Tanzania, a number of initiatives have already been undertaken by the government, private sector and civil societies in order to support development of the sector. These initiatives were identied as part of the pre-dialogue research.
5.1Decentralisation of MEM licensing
5.2Cancellation of inactive licences
5.3Preparation of environmental
protection plan (EPP) guidelines
5.4ASM health related train-the-trainer
programme
5.5Eorts to create peaceful co-existence
between ASM and LSM
5.6ASM information portal
5.7Government provision of grants to ASM
5.8Training for small-scale miners
5.9Establishment of centres of excellence
5.10Grievance handling and dispute
resolution 6
Field study and
engagement ndings This section presents the key ndings from the eld study conducted by MTL Consulting in March 2017 and the stakeholder engagement conducted by MTL, HakiMadini and IIED in May-June 2017. The ndings are structured by thematic area and informed by the outcome of the ASM multi-stakeholder scoping workshop conducted by IIED in September 2016.
6.1ASM"s value for livelihoods and potential
for sustainable development
Employment contribution
Promotion of socio-economic development in mining areas Revenue collection at the district and village level
6.2ASM formalisation: priority issues
Licensed miners using informal operators
Lack of awareness and enforcement of the law
Weak institutions and lack of coordination between government agencies Lack of local government involvement and mandate in mining
High cost of acquiring PMLs
Limited areas for establishing mining activities
Lack of geological information
Lack of technological tools
Insucient mining experts for extension services
6.3Health, safety and environment:
priority issues Environmental problems such as deforestation, abandoned pits, water pollution and dust Destruction of roads by heavy trucks in rural mining areas
Health problems
Limited resources for health, safety and the environment in
RMOs and district oces
Poor management of mining processes and lack of mine closure plans Lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) and lax enforcement
Destruction of historical sites in mining areas
6.4Women in ASM: priority issues
Traditional barriers
Where PMLs are owned by women the activities in the pits are controlled by men
Limited access to nancial credit
Discrimination in allocations of mineral rights
6.5Interface between ASM and LSM:
priority issues
Conict over the use of land resources
Overlapping of mining licences
6.6Business case for ASM and operational
scale-up/mechanisation: priority issuesquotesdbs_dbs21.pdfusesText_27
[PDF] PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ARTISANAL DIAMOND DEVELOPMENT