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EFFECTIVENESS OF ONLINE

LANGUAGE LEARNING SOFTWARE (DUOLINGO)

ON ITALIAN PRONUNCIATION FEATURES:

A CASE STUDY

MICOL MARTINELLI

Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and English

University of Hawaii, Manoa

Honolulu, Hawaii

2009

Submitted to the Faculty of the

Graduate College of the

Oklahoma State University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

July, 2016

EFFECTIVENESS OF ONLINE

LANGUAGE LEARNING SOFTWARE (DUOLINGO)

ON ITALIAN PRONUNCIATION FEATURES:

A CASE STUDY

Thesis Approved:

Dr. Stephanie Link

Thesis Adviser

Dr. Nancy Caplow

Dr. Carol Moder

iii Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis committee for their continuous support, patience, and immense knowledge (and perhaps a few sleepless nights). I would also like to extend a thank you to all my professors for their invaluable help and guidance, and for the wonderful experience that was learning in their classes. A special acknowledgment goes to my parents for their love, support, and kindness: everything that I have ever accomplished is thanks to their wisdom and their fearlessness. Also, thanks to my husband for his tenacity, his humor and intelligence, and for the late night thesis-writing sessions he never once complained about. Last but not least, I would like to thank my participants and language learners all over the world; the process of learning a language, of being curious about another culture, and rejoicing in our diversities and similarities, is one of the few things that makes the world a better place. iv

Name: MICOL MARTINELLI

Date of Degree: JULY, 2016

Title of Study: EFFECTIVENESS OF ONLINE LANGUAGE LEARNING SOFTWARE (DUOLINGO) ON ITALIAN PRONUNCIATION FEATURES: A CASE STUDY

Major Field: ENGLISH

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of online language learning software for the acquisition of pronunciation macro skills (comprehensibility and accentedness) and micro skills (gemination and voice onset time); specifically, this study focused on Duolingo, a data-driven online language learning software created in 2011. Designed as a case study, it followed five participants through four weeks using Duolingo to learn Italian. Data were collected through both quantitative measures, such as Duolingo reports, acoustic analysis in Praat, and native speaker ratings, and qualitative measures, such as interviews, observations, and questionnaires. Findings from the native speaker ratings on comprehensibility and accentedness revealed a statistically significant improvement in one of the participants. Further, findings from the analysis of practice data and the acoustic analysis showed that those participants who practiced more, through the repetition of lessons, were more likely to improve their pronunciation, while those who tended not to repeat lessons, showed very little signs of improvement. However, the results also indicate that language and linguistics training, L2 and consequent languages typology, and recency of language study also impact levels of improvement.The findings from the perceptions of the participants on the effectiveness of Duolingo for the acquisition of pronunciation skills further corroborate the finding that online language learning software like Duolingo do implement certain pedagogically sound practices, which is certainly a step forward in the development of sound, valid, programs. However, the results of the study also reveal the need to calibrate such practices through modifications to design. The implications of these results relate to both theory and practice, and highlight the facts that with appropriate research, technology can become - and has possibly already begun to be - an engaging and efficient tool for language learning and that the future of online language learning looks bright. v

Chapter Page

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................................................ 4

2.1 Usage-based emergentism and skill acquisition theory ................................................. 5

2.2 Overview of online language-learning software ........................................................... 6

2.3 Current issues with language-learning platforms ........................................................ 10

2.3.1 Weak connection to SLA theory ......................................................................... 10

2.3.2 Lack of focus on pronunciation and user experience .......................................... 11

2.4 Importance of pronunciation in the investigation of CALL platforms ........................ 13

2.4.1 Gemination ......................................................................................................... 15

2.4.2 Voice Onset Time .............................................................................................. 18

2.5 Importance of user experience in the investigation of CALL platforms ..................... 20

2.6 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 22

3. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 23

3.1 Type of Design ............................................................................................................ 24

3.2 Role of the Researcher ................................................................................................ 25

3.3 Participant Selection Procedures ................................................................................. 26

3.3.1 Participants ......................................................................................................... 26

3.3.1.1 Emma .................................................................................................... 27

3.3.1.2 Barbara .................................................................................................. 27

3.3.1.3 Luciana .................................................................................................. 28

3.3.1.4 Sabrina .................................................................................................. 28

3.3.1.5 Carolina ................................................................................................. 29

3.4 Raters ........................................................................................................................... 29

3.5 Data Collection ............................................................................................................ 30

3.5.1 Materials ........................................................................................................... 30

3.5.1.1 Duolingo Software............................................................................... 30

3.5.1.2 Pre- and post-test ................................................................................. 40

3.5.1.3 Pre- and post-interview ........................................................................ 42

3.5.1.4 Questionnaire ....................................................................................... 43

3.5.1.5 Observation ......................................................................................... 43

3.5.1.6 Duolingo Reports................................................................................. 44

3.5.1.7 Ratings ................................................................................................. 44

3.5.2 Procedures ........................................................................................................ 45

3.6 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 48

3.6.1 Research Questions 1 and 2 ............................................................................. 49

3.6.1.1 Duolingo Reports................................................................................. 49

Chapter Page

3.6.1.2 Ratings ................................................................................................. 50

3.6.1.3 Acoustic Analysis with Praat ............................................................... 51

3.6.2 Research Question 3 ......................................................................................... 51

3.6.2.1 Interviews, Observations, Questionnaires ........................................... 52

3.6.2.2 Member Checks ................................................................................... 53

3.7 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................ 53

4. RESULTS: EFFECTIVENESS OF DUOLINGO ............................................................... 55

4.1 Native Speaker ............................................................................................................ 56

4.2 Emma .......................................................................................................................... 57

4.2.1 Ratings ................................................................................................................ 58

4.2.2 Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................................... 58

4.2.2.1 Gemination in words .............................................................................. 58

4.2.2.2 Gemination in sentences ......................................................................... 61

4.2.2.3 Gemination in passage ............................................................................ 63

4.2.2.4 Voice onset time in words ...................................................................... 65

4.2.2.5 Voice onset time in sentences ................................................................. 66

4.2.2.6 Voice onset time in passage ................................................................... 67

4.2.3 Summary (Emma) .............................................................................................. 67

4.3 Barbara ........................................................................................................................ 68

4.3.1 Ratings ................................................................................................................ 69

4.3.2 Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................................... 69

4.3.2.1 Gemination in words .............................................................................. 69

4.3.2.2 Gemination in sentences ......................................................................... 72

4.3.2.3 Gemination in passage ............................................................................ 75

4.3.2.4 Voice onset time in words ...................................................................... 77

4.3.2.5 Voice onset time in sentences ................................................................. 78

4.3.2.6 Voice onset time in passage ................................................................... 79

4.3.3 Summary (Barbara) ............................................................................................. 80

4.4 Luciana ........................................................................................................................ 80

4.4.1 Ratings ................................................................................................................ 81

4.4.2 Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................................... 82

4.4.2.1 Gemination in words .............................................................................. 82

4.4.2.2 Gemination in sentences ......................................................................... 84

4.4.2.3 Gemination in passage ............................................................................ 86

4.4.2.4 Voice onset time in words ...................................................................... 88

4.4.2.5 Voice onset time in sentences ................................................................. 88

4.4.2.6 Voice onset time in passage ................................................................... 89

4.4.3 Summary (Luciana) ............................................................................................. 89

4.5 Sabrina ......................................................................................................................... 90

4.5.1 Ratings ................................................................................................................ 91

4.5.2 Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................................... 91

4.5.2.1 Gemination in words .............................................................................. 91

4.5.2.2 Gemination in sentences ......................................................................... 93

4.5.2.3 Gemination in passage ............................................................................ 95

4.5.2.4 Voice onset time in words ...................................................................... 97

4.5.2.5 Voice onset time in sentences ................................................................. 98

4.5.2.6 Voice onset time in passage ................................................................... 99

vii

Chapter Page

4.5.3 Summary (Sabrina) ............................................................................................ 99

4.6 Carolina ..................................................................................................................... 100

4.6.1 Ratings .............................................................................................................. 100

4.6.2 Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................................. 101

4.6.2.1 Gemination in words ............................................................................ 101

4.6.2.2 Gemination in sentences ....................................................................... 103

4.6.2.3 Gemination in passage .......................................................................... 105

4.6.2.4 Voice onset time in words .................................................................... 107

4.6.2.5 Voice onset time in sentences ............................................................... 108

4.6.2.6 Voice onset time in passage ................................................................. 108

4.6.3 Summary (Carolina) ......................................................................................... 109

4.7 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................... 109

5. RESULTS: PERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DUOLINGO .................. 114

5.1 Language Learning and Technology for Language Learning ................................... 115

5.2 Duolingo for Language Learning .............................................................................. 116

5.2.1 Foundational Knowledge ................................................................................. 117

5.2.2 Conversation .................................................................................................... 118

5.2.3 Motivation ........................................................................................................ 119

5.2.4 Technology as a primary source of instruction and role of teacher ................. 120

5.3 Duolingo for pronunciation ....................................................................................... 120

5.4 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................... 123

6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ............................................................................... 124

6.1 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 124

6.1.1 Effectiveness of Duolingo: SLA theory and improvements in proficiency ..... 126

6.1.2 Perceptions on the effectiveness of Duolingo: User experience ...................... 128

6.1.3 Implications ..................................................................................................... 130

6.1.4 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research ........................................... 131

6.2 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 132

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 135

APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... 149

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Participant demographic data ......................................................................................... 27

2 Duolingo modules selected for this study ...................................................................... 40

3 Data Triangulation ......................................................................................................... 49

4 Interrater reliability ........................................................................................................ 50

5 Duolingo Report: Overall days of practice, number of lessons

completed, and number of times each lesson was repeated ........................................... 58

6 Emma geminate contrast ratios vs. native speaker ratios in words ............................. 61

7 E native speaker ratios in sentences ....................... 63

8 E native speaker ratios in passage .......................... 65

9 Duolingo Report: Overall days of practice, number of lessons

completed, and number of times each lesson was repeated ........................................... 68

10 Barbara native speaker ratios in words ........................... 72

11 Barbara native speaker ratios in sentences ..................... 75

12 Barbara native speaker ratios in passage ........................ 77

13 Duolingo Report: Overall days of practice, number of lessons

completed, and number of times each lesson was repeated ........................................... 81

14 Lucianainate contrast ratios vs. native speaker ratios in words........................... 84

15 Luci native speaker ratios in sentences ..................... 86

16 Luci native speaker ratios in passage ........................ 88

17 Duolingo Report: Overall days of practice, number of lessons

completed, and number of times each lesson was repeated ........................................... 91

18 Sabr native speaker ratios in words ........................... 93

19 Sabr native speaker ratios in sentences ...................... 95

20 Sabr native speaker ratios in passage......................... 97

21 Duolingo Report: Overall days of practice, number of lessons

completed, and number of times each lesson was repeated ......................................... 100

22 Carol native speaker ratios in words ........................ 103

Table Page

23 Carolina native speaker ratios in sentences .................. 105

24 Carolinatios vs. native speaker ratios in passage ..................... 107

25 Overview of acoustic analysis of gemination results for all participants ..................... 110

26 Overview of acoustic analysis of VOT results for all participants .............................. 111

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Chronology of the six most popular language software companies................................. 7

2 Gamification principles applied in Duolingo................................................................... 9

3 skirt ...................................... 17

4 Boundaries of geminate quotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23

[PDF] [PDF] DUOLINGO - ShareOK

EFFECTIVENESS OF ONLINE

LANGUAGE LEARNING SOFTWARE (DUOLINGO)

ON ITALIAN PRONUNCIATION FEATURES:

A CASE STUDY

MICOL MARTINELLI

Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and English

University of Hawaii, Manoa

Honolulu, Hawaii

Submitted to the Faculty of the

Graduate College of the

Oklahoma State University

MASTER OF ARTS

July, 2016

EFFECTIVENESS OF ONLINE

LANGUAGE LEARNING SOFTWARE (DUOLINGO)

ON ITALIAN PRONUNCIATION FEATURES:

A CASE STUDY

Thesis Approved:

Dr. Stephanie Link

Thesis Adviser

Dr. Nancy Caplow

Dr. Carol Moder

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Name: MICOL MARTINELLI

Date of Degree: JULY, 2016

Major Field: ENGLISH

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................................................ 4

2.1 Usage-based emergentism and skill acquisition theory ................................................. 5

2.2 Overview of online language-learning software ........................................................... 6

2.3 Current issues with language-learning platforms ........................................................ 10

2.3.1 Weak connection to SLA theory ......................................................................... 10

2.3.2 Lack of focus on pronunciation and user experience .......................................... 11

2.4 Importance of pronunciation in the investigation of CALL platforms ........................ 13

2.4.1 Gemination ......................................................................................................... 15

2.4.2 Voice Onset Time .............................................................................................. 18

2.5 Importance of user experience in the investigation of CALL platforms ..................... 20

2.6 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 22

3. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 23

3.1 Type of Design ............................................................................................................ 24

3.2 Role of the Researcher ................................................................................................ 25

3.3 Participant Selection Procedures ................................................................................. 26

3.3.1 Participants ......................................................................................................... 26

3.3.1.1 Emma .................................................................................................... 27

3.3.1.2 Barbara .................................................................................................. 27

3.3.1.3 Luciana .................................................................................................. 28

3.3.1.4 Sabrina .................................................................................................. 28

3.3.1.5 Carolina ................................................................................................. 29

3.4 Raters ........................................................................................................................... 29

3.5 Data Collection ............................................................................................................ 30

3.5.1 Materials ........................................................................................................... 30

3.5.1.1 Duolingo Software............................................................................... 30

3.5.1.2 Pre- and post-test ................................................................................. 40

3.5.1.3 Pre- and post-interview ........................................................................ 42

3.5.1.4 Questionnaire ....................................................................................... 43

3.5.1.5 Observation ......................................................................................... 43

3.5.1.6 Duolingo Reports................................................................................. 44

3.5.1.7 Ratings ................................................................................................. 44

3.5.2 Procedures ........................................................................................................ 45

3.6 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 48

3.6.1 Research Questions 1 and 2 ............................................................................. 49

3.6.1.1 Duolingo Reports................................................................................. 49

Chapter Page

3.6.1.2 Ratings ................................................................................................. 50

3.6.1.3 Acoustic Analysis with Praat ............................................................... 51

3.6.2 Research Question 3 ......................................................................................... 51

3.6.2.1 Interviews, Observations, Questionnaires ........................................... 52

3.6.2.2 Member Checks ................................................................................... 53

3.7 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................ 53

4. RESULTS: EFFECTIVENESS OF DUOLINGO ............................................................... 55

4.1 Native Speaker ............................................................................................................ 56

4.2 Emma .......................................................................................................................... 57

4.2.1 Ratings ................................................................................................................ 58

4.2.2 Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................................... 58

4.2.2.1 Gemination in words .............................................................................. 58

4.2.2.2 Gemination in sentences ......................................................................... 61

4.2.2.3 Gemination in passage ............................................................................ 63