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The 44 Sounds (Phonemes) of English

A phoneme is a speech sound. It's the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another.

Since sounds cannot be written, we use letters to represent or stand for the sounds. A grapheme is the

written representation (a letter or cluster of letters) of one sound. It is generally agreed that there are

approximately 44 sounds in English, with some variation dependent on accent and articulation. The 44 English

phonemes are represented by the 26 letters of the alphabet individually and in combination.

Phonics instruction involves teaching the relationship between sounds and the letters used to represent them.

There are hundreds of spelling alternatives that can be used to represent the 44 English phonemes. Only the

most common sound / letter relationships need to be taught explicitly. The 44 English sounds can be divided into two major categories - consonants and vowels. A consonant

sound is one in which the air flow is cut off, either partially or completely, when the sound is produced. In

contrast, a vowel sound is one in which the air flow is unobstructed when the sound is made. The vowel

sounds are the music, or movement, of our language. The 44 phonemes represented below are in line with

the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Consonants

Sound Common

spelling

Spelling alternatives

/b/ b ball bb ribbon /d/ d dog dd add ed filled /f/ f fan ff cliff ph phone gh laugh lf calf ft often /g/ g grapes gg egg gh ghost gu guest gue catalogue /h/ h hat wh who /j/ j jellyfish ge cage g giraffe dge edge di soldier gg exaggerat e c cat ch christmas cc acclaim /k/ k kite q(u) queen ck back X box lk folk qu bouquet /l/ l leaf ll spell /m/ m monkey mm summer mb climb mn autumn lm palm /n/ n nest nn funny kn knight gn gnat pn pneumonia /ng/ ng ring n sink ngue tongue ©DSF Literacy Resources - This document may be reproduced for educational purposes /p/ p pig pp happy /r/ r robot rr carrot wr wrong rh rhyme ss mess c circus /s/ s sun ce rice se horse sc science ps psychology st listen /t/ t tap tt batter th thomas ed tapped /v/ v van f of ph stephen ve five /w/ w web wh why u quick o choir /y/ y yo-yo i opinion j hallelujah zz buzz /z/ z zebra se cheese s has ss scissors x xylophone ze maze

Digraphs

Sound Common

spelling

Spelling alternatives

/zh/ s treasure si division z azure /ch/ ch cheese tch watch tu future ti question te righteous ce ocean s sure /sh/ sh shark sci conscience ti station ci special si tension ch machine /th/ (unvoiced) th thongs /th/ (voiced) th feather ©DSF Literacy Resources - This document may be reproduced for educational purposes

Short vowels

Sound Common

spelling

Spelling alternatives

/a/ a cat ai plaid ea bread u bury ie friend ai said /e/ e egg eo leopard eiquotesdbs_dbs1.pdfusesText_1