[PDF] AMERICAN LITERATuRE - University of North Georgia

AMERICAN LITERATuRE - University of North Georgia

Writing-the-NationPDF

AMERICAN LITERATURE

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Writing the nation

1865 TO PRESENT

A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO AMERICAN LITERATURE

Amy Berke, PhDRobert R. Bleil, PhDJordan Cofer, PhDDoug Davis, PhD

Writing the nation

1865 TO PRESENT

A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO AMERICAN LITERATURE

Amy Berke, PhDRobert R. Bleil, PhDJordan Cofer, PhDDoug Davis, PhD Writing the nation: a Concise introduction to american Literature—1865 to Present is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-S hareAlike 4.0 International License. This license allows you to remix, tweak, and build upon this work, even commercially, as long as you credit this origi nal source for the creation and license the new creation under identical terms.

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ISBN: 978-1-940771-34-2

Produced by:

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Page | iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: LATE ROMANTICISM (1855-1870) 1

1.1 Learning Outcomes

1

1.2 Introduction

2

1.3 Walt Whitman

4

1.3.1 song of Myself

5

1.3.2 “oh Captain! My Captain!"

42

1.3.3 “Crossing BrooKLYn FerrY"

43

1.3.4 reading and review Questions

47

1.4 Emily Dickinson

48

1.4.1 “i taste a LiQUor neVer BreWed"

49

1.4.2 “the soUL seLeCts her oWn soCietY"

49

1.4.3 “BeCaUse i CoULd not stoP For death"

50

1.4.4 “MY LiFe had stood—a Loaded gUn"

50

1.4.4 reading and review Questions

51

1.5 Key Terms

51

CHAPTER 2: REALISM (1865-1890) 52

2.1 Learning Outcomes

52

2.2 Introduction

53

2.3 Mark Twain

56

2.3.1 “the Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"

57

2.3.4 reading and review Questions

70

2.4 William Dean Howells

70

2.4.1 “editha"

71

2.4.2 reading and review Questions

81

2.5 Ambrose Bierce

81

2.5.1 “Chickamauga"

82

2.5.2 “occurence at owl Creek Bridge"

87

2.5.3 reading and review Questions

93

2.6 Henry James

94

Page | iv

2.7 Sarah Orne Jewett

136

2.7.1 “a White heron"

137

2.7.2 reading and review Questions

144

2.8 Kate Chopin

145

2.8.2 "the storm"

153

2.8.3 reading and review Questions

157

2.9 Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

157

2.9.1 “a new england nun"

158

2.9.3 reading and review Questions

178

2.10 Charles Waddell Chesnutt

179

2.10.1 “the Passing of grandison"

180

2.10.2 reading and review Questions

192

2.11 Charlotte Perkins Gilman

192

2.11.1 “the Yellow Wall-Paper"

193

2.11.2 reading and review Questions

205

2.12 Key Terms

205

CHAPTER 3: NATURALISM (1890-1914) 206

3.1 Learning Outcomes

206

3.2 Introduction

207

3.3 Frank Norris

208

3.3.1 “a Plea For romantic Fiction"

209

3.3.2 selections from Mcteague

212

3.3.3 reading and review Questions

297

3.4 Stephen Crane

298

3.4.1 “the open Boat"

299

3.5 Jack London

317

3.5.1 “to Build a Fire"

318

3.5.2 reading and review Questions

329

3.6 Key Terms

329

CHAPTER 4: TURN OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

AND THE GROWTH OF MODERNISM (1893 - 1914) 330

4.1 Learning Outcomes 330

4.2 Introduction

331

4.3 Booker T. Washington

332

4.3.1 selections from Up From slavery

333

Page | v

4.3.2 reading and review Questions

350

4.4 W. E. B. Du Bois

350

4.4.1 selections from the souls of Black Folk

351

4.5 Zane Grey

367

4.5.2 reading and review Questions

559

4.6 Key Terms

559

CHAPTER 5: MODERNISM (1914 - 1945) 560

5.1 Learning Outcomes

560

5.2 Introduction

561

5.3 Robert Frost

566

5.3.3 reading and review Questions

571

5.4 Wallace Stevens

572

5.4.1 “the emperor of ice Cream"

573

5.4.2 “of Modern Poetry"

573

5.4.3 reading and review Questions

573

5.5 William Carlos Williams

574

5.5.1 “the red Wheelbarrow"

575

5.5.2 “this is Just to say"

575

5.5.3 “the dead Baby"

575

5.5.4 reading and review Questions

575

5.6 Ezra Pound

575

5.7 Marianne Moore

577

5.7.1 “Poetry"

578

5.7.2 reading and review Questions

579

5.8 T. S. Eliot

579

5.8.1 “the Love song of J. alfred Prufrock"

580

5.8.2 reading and review Questions

584

Page | vi

5.9 Edna St. Vincent Millay

584

5.9.1 “First Fig"

585

5.9.2 “i think i should have Loved You Presently"

585

5.10 e. e. cummings

586

5.10.1 “in Just-"

587

5.10.2 reading and review Questions

588

5.11 F. Scott Fitzgerald

589

5.11.1 “Winter dreams"

590

5.12 Ernest Hemingway

653

5.13 Arthur Miller

655

5.11 Southern Renaissance - First Wave

656

5.14 Ellen Glasgow

658

5.15 William Faulkner

683

5.16 Eudora Alice Welty

685

5.17 The Harlem Renaissance

686

5.17 Jessie Redmon Fauset

687

5.17.2 reading and review Questions

707

5.18 Zora Neale Hurston

708

5.18.1 “sweat"

709

5.18.2 reading and review Questions

709

5.19 Nella Larsen

709

5.19.1 “sanctuary"

710

5.19.2 reading and review Questions

710

Page | vii

5.20 Langston Hughes

711

5.20.1 “Christ in alabama"

712

5.20.2 “the negro speaks of rivers"

712

5.20.3 “theme for english B"

713

5.20.4 reading and review Questions

713

5.21 Countee Cullen

713

5.21.1 “heritage"

714

5.21.2 “Yet do i Marvel"

715

5.21.3 reading and review Questions

715

5.22 Jean Toomer

715

5.23 Key Terms

717
CHAPTER 6: AMERICAN LITERATURE SINCE 1945 (1945 - PRESENT) 718

6.1 Learning Outcomes 718

6.2 Introduction

719

6.3 Southern Literary Renaissance - Second Wave (1945-1965)

723

6.4 Tennessee Williams

725

6.5 James Dickey

727

6.6 Flannery O"Connor

729

6.7 Postmodernism

730
6.8

Theodore Roethke

733

6.9 Ralph Ellison

734

Page | viii

6.10 James Baldwin

736

6.11 Allen Ginsberg

737

6.11 Adrienne Rich

739

6.12 Toni Morrison

741

6.14 Sylvia Plath

744

6.15 Don DeLillo

746

6.16 Alice Walker

748

6.17 Leslie Marmon Silko

749

6.18 David Foster Wallace

751

6.19 Key Terms

752

GLOSSARY 754

Page | 1

1

LATE ROMANTICISM (1855-1870)

Robert R. Bleil

1.1 L EA R N I NG O U TC O M ES after completing this chapter, you should be able to: describe the key features of romanticism. analyze the ways in which the works of emily dickinson and Walt Whitman broke from the american literary tradition of emerson, hawthorne, and Melville. analyze the impact of the industrial revolution and the Civil War on american literature.

Compare the ways in which emily dickinson and Walt Whitman established new voices in american literature.

Page | 2

Writing the nationLate roMantiCisM (1855-1870)

1.2 IN

TR ODU CTI ON emily dickinson and Walt Whitman, the authors whose works appear in this chapter, are unlikely protagonists—or leading characters—for a literary movement. each was an outsider: dickinson, an unmarried woman who lived a life of quiet seclusion in western Massachusetts, and Whitman, a vagabond who lived a life in search of community. dickinson and Whitman promoted a spirit of exploration and inventiveness that matched the geographical, industrial, political, and social growth of the United states. From their works, we gain not so much a literary renaissance as we do a sense of artistic innovation that developed alongside these other areas of american life and commerce. as literary historians like William Charvat have noted, the development of an american literary tradition owes as much to the development of the am erican publishing industry in the middle decades of the nineteenth century as i t does to the prominence of individual authors like Catharine Maria sedgwick, Wash ington irving, nathaniel hawthorne, edgar allan Poe, herman Melville, ralph Waldo emerson, henry david thoreau, and harriet Beecher stowe. sales of these authors" works were dwarfed by the sales of pirated editions of novels by British authors like Walter scott and Charles dickens. nonetheless, the success of these British imports demand new works; this demand created an opportunity for american writers to american authors still faced steep odds in seeing their works into print, and First

Transcontinental Railroad

individuals and goods across the country. additional technological improvements, including the widespread adoption of steam-powered machinery and gas-fueled lights, also provide the necessary conditions for the rapid production of printed materials and the means by which these materials could be enjoyed at the conclusion of a day of laboring. thus, only when the industrial age expands the the boundaries of american literature. began in the 1930s and early 1940s as the United states took on a larger role publication of F. o. Matthiessen"s

The American Renaissance in 1941. Matthiessen

argued that writers like hawthorne, Melville, emerson, and thoreau represented the expansion of a uniquely american style of writing that interacted with, and embraced, the north american landscape in new ways. What Matthiessen called of a few male authors from new england. despite the real impact of Matthiessen"s still neglected writing of women, african-americans, and native americans whose works would not be widely recognized until the 1970s.

Page | 3

Writing the nationLate roMantiCisM (1855-1870)

in order to describe the work of these authors, Matthiessen and others turned to literary labels popularized in reference to British authors of the late eighteenthquotesdbs_dbs18.pdfusesText_24