9 avr 2013 · B Baatar4, G Barr8, J Bartke3, L Betev6, O Chvala9,b, J Dolejsi9, V Eckardt7, H G Fischer6,a, Z Fodor2, increase of the effective statistical fluctuations, an increase between available TPC information and the GTPC/VPC combination ion cross sections in the lab angular range from 70 to 160 de-
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9 avr 2013 · B Baatar4, G Barr8, J Bartke3, L Betev6, O Chvala9,b, J Dolejsi9, V Eckardt7, H G Fischer6,a, Z Fodor2, increase of the effective statistical fluctuations, an increase between available TPC information and the GTPC/VPC combination ion cross sections in the lab angular range from 70 to 160 de-
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9 avr 2013 · B Baatar4, G Barr8, J Bartke3, L Betev6, O Chvala9,b, J Dolejsi9, V Eckardt7, H G Fischer6,a, Z Fodor2, increase of the effective statistical fluctuations, an increase between available TPC information and the GTPC/VPC combination ion cross sections in the lab angular range from 70 to 160 de-
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Eur. Phys. J. C (2013) 73:2364
DOI 10.1140/epjc/s10052-013-2364-3
Regular Article - Experimental Physics
Inclusive production of protons, anti-protons, neutrons, deuterons and tritons in p+C collisions at 158 GeV/c beam momentumB. Baatar
4 , G. Barr 8 , J. Bartke 3 ,L.Betev 6 , O. Chvala 9,b , J. Dolejsi 9 , V. Eckardt 7 , H.G. Fischer 6,a , Z. Fodor 2 ,A. Karev 6 , V. Kolesnikov 4 ,M.Kowalski 3 , M. Makariev 11 , A. Malakhov 4 , M. Mateev 10,c , G. Melkumov 4A. Rybicki
3 , N. Schmitz 7 , P. Seyboth 7 , R. Stock 5 ,G.Tinti 8 , D. Varga 1 , G. Vesztergombi 2 , S. Wenig 6 This paper is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Matey Mateev 1 2 KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest, Hungary 3 H. Niewodnicza´nski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland 4 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia 5 6CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
7 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Munich, Germany8Oxford University, Oxford, UK
9Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
10 Atomic Physics Department, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria 11 Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria Received: 31 July 2012 / Revised: 27 February 2013 / Published online: 9 April 2013 © The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com AbstractThe production of protons, anti-protons, neu- trons, deuterons and tritons in minimum bias p+Cin- teractions is studied using a sample of 385 734 inelastic events obtained with the NA49 detector at the CERN SPS at158 GeV/c beam momentum. The data cover a phase space
area ranging from 0 to 1.9 GeV/c in transverse momentum and in Feynmanxfrom-0.8 to 0.95 for protons, from-0.2 to 0.3 for anti-protons and from 0.1 to 0.95 for neutrons. Existing data in the far backward hemisphere are used to extend the coverage for protons and light nuclear fragments into the region of intra-nuclear cascading. The use of corre-thesamedetectorallowsforthedetailedanalysisandmodel-independent separation of the three principle components of
hadronization in p+C interactions, namely projectile frag- mentation, target fragmentation of participant nucleons and intra-nuclear cascading.1 Introduction
Baryon and light ion production in proton-nucleus collisions has in the past drawn considerable interest, resulting in an a e-mail:Hans.Gerhard.Fischer@cern.ch b Now at University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. cDeceased.
impressive amount of data from a variety of experiments. This interest concentrated in forward direction on the evi- dent transfer of baryon number towards the central region, known under the misleading label of stopping", and in the far backward region on the fact that the laboratory momen- tum distributions of baryons and light fragments reach far beyond the limits expected from the nuclear binding energy alone. A general experimental study covering the complete phase space from the limit of projectile diffraction to the detailed scrutiny of nuclear effects in the target frame is, however, still missing. More recently, renewed interest has been created by the necessity of providing precision refer- ence data for the control of systematic effects in neutrino physics. In addition to and beyond the motivations mentioned above, the present study is part of a very general survey ofelementary and nuclear interactions at the CERN SPS us-ing the NA49 detector, aiming at a straight-forward connec-
tion between the different reactions in a purely experiment- based way. After a detailed inspection of pion [1], kaon [2] and baryon [3] production in p+p interactions, a similar in- depth approach is being carried out for p+C collisions. This has led to the recent publication of two papers concerning pion production [4,5] and this aim is here being extended to baryons and light ions.Page 2 of 66Eur. Phys. J. C (2013) 73:2364
The use of the light, iso-scalar Carbon nucleus is to be regarded as a first step towards the study of proton colli- sions with heavy nuclei using data with controlled centrality available from NA49. It allows the control of the transition from elementary to nuclear interactions for a small number of intra-nuclear collisions, thus providing an important link between elementary and multiple hadronic reactions. It also allows for the clean-cut separation of the three basic compo- nents of hadronization in p+A collisions, namely projec- tile fragmentation, fragmentation of the target nucleons hit by the projectile, and intra-nuclear cascading. The detailed study of the superposition of these components in a model- independent way is the main aim of this paper. For this end the possibility of defining net proton densities by measur- ing anti-protons and thereby getting access to the yield of pair produced baryons, will be essential. As the acceptance of the NA49 detector does not cover the far backward re- gion, the combination of the NA49 results with measure- ments from other experiments dedicated to this phase space area is mandatory. A survey of thes-dependence of back- ward hadron production in p+C collisions has therefore been carried out and is published in an accompanying pa- per [6]. This allows the extension of the NA49 data set to full phase space. As the extraction of hadronic cross sections has been de- scribed in detail in the preceding publications [1-5], the present paper will concentrate on those aspects which are specific to baryon and light ion production, particularly in the exploitation of the NA49 acceptance into the backward hemisphere. After a short comment on existing double dif- imental details will be given in Sect.3together with the bin- ning scheme adopted for protons, anti-protons and neutrons. Section4will present a comprehensive description of par- ticle identification in the backward hemisphere which is an important new ingredient of the optimized use of the NA49 detector in particular for the asymmetric p+A collisions. Section5deals with the extraction of the inclusive cross sec- tionsand with the applied corrections.Section6containsthe data tables and plots of the invariant cross sections as well as some particle ratios and a comparison to the few avail- Section7describes the use of the extensive complementary data set from the Fermilab experiment [7] for the data ex- tension into the far backward direction together with an in- terpolation scheme allowing for the first time the complete inspection of the production phase space for protons in the range-2Sect.12and a study of thep
T dependence. The discussion ofp T integrated proton and net proton yields is presented in Sect.15followed by the exploitation of double differential proton and net proton cross sections in Sect.16. The paper is closed by a summary of conclusions in Sect.17.2 The experimental situation
of double differential inclusive data, for identified baryons and light fragments in p+C collisions in the SPS energy range. The differential inclusive cross sections are presented in this paper as: d 2 dx F dp 2T ,(1) withx F =2p L /⎷sdefined in the nucleon-nucleon center- of-mass system (cms). A first data set [7,9] covers the far backward direction for protons and light ions at five fixed laboratory angles between 70 and 160 degrees for total lab momenta between 0.4 and 1.4 GeV/c at a projectile momen- tum of 400 GeV/c. A second set [10] has been obtained in forward direction for 0.3Eur. Phys. J. C (2013) 73:2364Page 3 of 66
Fig. 1Phase space coverage of
existing data: (a) p data from [7] (full lines)and[10]. Here with the shaded area is shown theNA49 acceptance range; (b)
p data from [10]; (c) p data fromNA49; and (d)
p data fromNA49. Note the extended
abscissa in panel (c)3.1 Target, grey" proton detection, trigger cross section
and event sample The NA49 experiment is using a secondary proton beam of158 GeV/c momentum at the CERN SPS. A graphite target
of 1.5 % interaction length is placed inside a grey" proton detector [4,8] which measures low energy protons in the momentum range up to 1.5 GeV/c originating from intra- nuclear cascading in the carbon target. This detector covers a range from 45 to 315 degrees in polar angle with a gran- ularity of 256 readout pads placed on the inner surface of a cylindrical proportional counter. An interaction trigger is defined by a small scintillator 380 cm downstream of the tar- get in anti-coincidence with the beam. This yields a trigger cross section of 210.1±2.1 mb corresponding to 91 % of the measured inelastic cross section of 226.3±4.5mb.This is in good agreement with the average of 225.8±2.2 mb ob- tained from a number of previous measurements [4]. A total sample of 385.7k events has been obtained after fiducial cuts on the beam emittance and on the longitudinal vertex posi- tion.3.2 Acceptance coverage, binning and statistical errors
The NA49 detector [8] covers a range of polar laboratory angles between±45 degrees with a set of four Time Pro- jection Chambers combining tracking and particle identifi- cation, two of the TPC"s being placed inside superconduct- ing magnets. While for anti-protons the accessible range in x F andp T is essentially defined by the limited event statis-tics, it has been possible to completely exploit the availablerange of polar angle for protons. The corresponding binning
schemes are shown in Fig.2in the cms variablesx F andp T A rough indication of the effective statistical errors is given by the shading of the bins. Neutrons have been de- tected in a forward hadronic calorimeter [3] in combination with proportional chambers vetoing charged hadrons. Due to the limited resolution in transverse momentum onlyp T integrated information in 8 bins inx F (Fig.2c) could be ob- tained, after unfolding of the energy resolution. This cover- age is identical to the one in p+p interactions [3] and allows for direct yield comparison.