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Professional Programmer"s Guide to Fortran77

Clive G. Page, University of Leicester, UK

7th June 2005

Copyright

c?1988 - 2005 Clive G. Page

Last update/bug fix: 2005 June 5.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU FreeDocumentationLicense, Version1.1oranylaterversionpublishedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". This file contains the text ofProfessional Programmer"s Guide to Fortran77published by Pitman in

1988. The book is now long out of print, so it seemed sensible to make the text freely available over

the Internet. The ISO Standard for Fortran77 is, of course, now obsolete, since Fortran90 and Fortran95

have replaced it. I strongly recommend using Fortran95 as a multitude of features have been added to Fortran which make programming easier and programs more reliable. One of the attractions of Fortran77 is that a good free compiler exists in the form of GNU Fortran,

g77. At present I don"t know of any free compilers for full Fortran95, but you can download a compiler

for a subset language called F, which seems an excellent way to learn modern Fortran. Unfortunately this

book will not be much help with F or Fortran95. Perhaps some day I may get time to revise it completely.

For more information on Fortran (and F) see these web-sites, which have links to many others: http://www.star.le.ac.uk/˜cgpMy home page http://www.fortran.com/Fortran Market and F home page http://www.ifremer.fr/ditigo/ molagnon/fortran90/engfaq.htmlExcellent FAQ http://dsm.dsm.fordham.edu/

˜ftnchek/FTNCHEK static analyzer

Whether you write your own programs in Fortran77, or merely use code written by others, I strongly urge

you to use FTNCHEK syntax checker to find mistakes. You can download versions for many platforms from the web-site listed above. I wrote the book originally using WordPerfect, but later translated it into L

ATEX to make it easier to

produce on-line versions in HTML and Postscript. The text here is very similar to the published version

but I took the opportunity to correct a few mistakes and make some very minor updates. If you find more

errors, please let me know (email toc(at-sign)page.demon.co.uk). The book was intentionally kept as short as possible so it could be sold at a modest price, but I managed to cover the entire Fortran77 language as defined in the ANSI and ISO Standards, including several topics which are often omitted from much larger textbooks because they are deemed to be too "advanced". 1 2

In order to encourage the writing of clear, reliable, portable, robust, and well structured code, short

sections appear throughout the book offering specific guidance on the the practical use of Fortran. Ob-

solete or superfluous features of the language, mainly those which have been retained for compatibility

with earlier versions of Fortran, are omitted from the main text but are covered in the section 13. This

is provided solely for the assistance of those who have to cope with existing poorly-written programs or

ones which pre-date the Fortran77 standard.

CONTENTS3

Contents

1 What Is Fortran? 7

1.1 Early Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.2 Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.3 Strengths and Weaknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.4 Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 Basic Fortran Concepts 10

2.1 Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2 Expressions and Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.3 Integer and Real Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.4DOLoops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.5 Formatted Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.6 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.7 IF-blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.8 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3 Fortran in Practice 18

3.1 The Fortran System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3.2 Creating the Source Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.3 Compiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.4 Linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.5 Program Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4 Program Structure and Layout 23

4.1 The Fortran Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4.2 Statements and Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.3 Program Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

4.4 Statement Types and Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

4.5 Symbolic Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4.6PROGRAMStatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4.7ENDStatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5 Constants, Variables, and Arrays 30

5.1 Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.2 Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

5.3 Specifying Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5.4 Named Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

5.5 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

5.6 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

CONTENTS4

6 Arithmetic43

6.1 Arithmetic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

6.2 Arithmetic Intrinsic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

6.3 Arithmetic Assignment Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

7 Character Handling and Logic 50

7.1 Character Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

7.2 Character Substrings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

7.3 Character Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

7.4 Character Assignment Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

7.5 Character Intrinsic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

7.6 Relational Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

7.7 Logical Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

7.8 Logical Assignment Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

8 Control Statements 59

8.1 Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

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