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C Programming Tutorial

i

C PROGRAMMING TUTORIAL

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Table of Contents

C Language Overview .............................................................. 1

Facts about C ............................................................................................... 1

Why to use C ? ............................................................................................. 2

C Programs .................................................................................................. 2

C Environment Setup ............................................................... 3

Text Editor ................................................................................................... 3

The C Compiler ............................................................................................ 3

Installation on Unix/Linux ............................................................................. 4

Installation on Mac OS .................................................................................. 4

Installation on Windows ............................................................................... 4

C Program Structure ................................................................ 5

C Hello World Example ................................................................................. 5

Compile & Execute C Program ....................................................................... 6

C Basic Syntax ......................................................................... 7

Tokens in C .................................................................................................. 7

Semicolons ; ................................................................................................ 7

Comments ................................................................................................... 8

Identifiers .................................................................................................... 8

Keywords .................................................................................................... 8

Whitespace in C ........................................................................................... 9

C Data Types ......................................................................... 10

Integer Types ............................................................................................. 10

Floating-Point Types ................................................................................... 11

The void Type ............................................................................................ 12

C Variables ............................................................................ 13 Variable Declaration in C ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Variable Initialization in C ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Lvalues and Rvalues in C ............................................................................. 15

C Constants and Literals ........................................................ 17

Integer literals ............................................................................................ 17

Floating-point literals .................................................................................. 18

Character constants .................................................................................... 18

iii

String literals .............................................................................................. 19

Defining Constants ..................................................................................... 19

The #define Preprocessor ...................................................................... 19

The const Keyword ................................................................................. 20

C Storage Classes ................................................................. 22

The auto Storage Class ................................................................................ 22

The register Storage Class ........................................................................... 22

The static Storage Class ............................................................................... 23

The extern Storage Class ............................................................................. 24

C Operators ........................................................................... 25

Arithmetic Operators .................................................................................. 25

Relational Operators................................................................................... 26

Logical Operators ....................................................................................... 28

Bitwise Operators ....................................................................................... 29

Assignment Operators ................................................................................ 31

Misc Operators հ sizeof & ternary .............................................................. 33

Operators Precedence in C .......................................................................... 33

Decision Making in C.............................................................. 35

if statement ............................................................................................... 36

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 36

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 36

Example .................................................................................................. 36

if...else statement ...................................................................................... 37

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 37

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 38

Example .................................................................................................. 38

The if...else if...else Statement ..................................................................... 39

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 39

Example .................................................................................................. 39

Nested if statements .................................................................................. 40

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 40

Example .................................................................................................. 40

switch statement ....................................................................................... 41

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 41

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 42

Example .................................................................................................. 42

Nested switch statements ........................................................................... 43

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 43

Example .................................................................................................. 43

iii

The ? : Operator ......................................................................................... 44

C Loops .................................................................................. 45

while loop in C ........................................................................................... 46

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 46

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 46

Example .................................................................................................. 47

for loop in C ............................................................................................... 47

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 47

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 48

Example .................................................................................................. 48

do...while loop in C ..................................................................................... 49

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 49

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 50

Example .................................................................................................. 50

nested loops in C ........................................................................................ 51

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 51

Example .................................................................................................. 52

break statement in C .................................................................................. 53

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 53

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 53

Example .................................................................................................. 54

continue statement in C .............................................................................. 54

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 54

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 55

Example .................................................................................................. 55

goto statement in C .................................................................................... 56

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 56

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 56

Example .................................................................................................. 57

The Infinite Loop ........................................................................................ 57

C Functions ............................................................................ 59

Defining a Function .................................................................................... 59

Example .................................................................................................. 60

Function Declarations ................................................................................. 60

Calling a Function ....................................................................................... 60

Function Arguments ................................................................................... 61

Function call by value ............................................................................. 62

Function call by reference ....................................................................... 63

C Scope Rules ....................................................................... 65 iii

Local Variables ........................................................................................... 65

Global Variables ......................................................................................... 66

Formal Parameters ..................................................................................... 67

Initializing Local and Global Variables ........................................................... 67

C Arrays ................................................................................. 69

Declaring Arrays ......................................................................................... 69

Initializing Arrays ........................................................................................ 70

Accessing Array Elements ............................................................................ 70

Multi-dimensional Arrays ............................................................................ 71

Two-Dimensional Arrays ............................................................................. 71

Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays .............................................................. 72

Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements ................................................. 72 Passing Arrays as Function Arguments .......................................................... 73

Way-1 ...................................................................................................... 73

Way-2 ...................................................................................................... 74

Way-3 ....................................................................................................... 74

Example .................................................................................................. 74

Return array from function.......................................................................... 75

Pointer to an Array ..................................................................................... 77

C Pointers .............................................................................. 79

What Are Pointers? .................................................................................... 80

How to use Pointers? .................................................................................. 80

NULL Pointers in C ...................................................................................... 81

Pointer arithmetic ...................................................................................... 81

Incrementing a Pointer ............................................................................... 82

Decrementing a Pointer .............................................................................. 83

Pointer Comparisons .................................................................................. 83

Array of pointers ........................................................................................ 84

Pointer to Pointer ....................................................................................... 86

Passing pointers to functions ....................................................................... 87

Return pointer from functions ..................................................................... 88

C Strings ................................................................................ 91 C Structures ........................................................................... 94

Defining a Structure .................................................................................... 94

Accessing Structure Members ..................................................................... 95 Structures as Function Arguments ............................................................... 96

Pointers to Structures ................................................................................. 97

C Unions .............................................................................. 100

Defining a Union ...................................................................................... 100

iii Accessing Union Members ........................................................................ 101 Bit Fields .............................................................................. 103quotesdbs_dbs7.pdfusesText_5