C Language Overview This chapter describes the basic details about C programming language, how it emerged, what are strengths of C and why we should
of this text is to cover topics on the C programming language and introductory What sets this book apart from most introductory C-programming texts is its strong emphasis Languages, 1993 http://cm bell-labs com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist pdf
\n"); return 0; } Output: welcome to c programming language Steps for Compiling and executing the Programs A compiler is a software program that analyzes a
This tutorial is designed for software programmers with a need to understand the C programming language starting from scratch This tutorial will give you enough
C Language Overview This chapter describes the basic details about C programming language, how it emerged, what are strengths of C and why we should
You can do these things from a C program, of course, but you will be calling on services which are peculiar to your programming environment (compiler, processor
Every program is limited by the language which is used to write it C is a and a programming tool which has grown popular because programmers like it
This book was written for readers interested in learning the C++ programming language from scratch, and for both novice and advanced C++ programmers
The C programming Language 3 Pointers and Arrays 4 Address Arithmetic 5 Character Pointers and Functions 6 Pointer Arrays; Pointers to Pointers 7
Full Program: queue c r Exercises r Advanced Pointer Topics Pointers to Pointers r Command line input r Pointers to a Function r Exercises r q Low Level
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Programming in C
UNIX System Calls and
Subroutines using C,
A. D. Marshall 1994-9
Substantially Updated March 1999
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Programming in C
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C/ (1 of 16) [25/03/2002 10:35:59]
Algorithm Animations
Direct link to Java Algorithm Animations (C related)
C COURSEWARE
Lecture notes + integrated exercises, solutions and marking
Contentsl
The Common Desktop Environment
The front panelm
The file managerm
The application managerm
The session managerm
Other CDE desktop toolsm
Application development toolsm
Application integrationm
Windows and the Window Managerm
The Root Menum
Exercisesm l
C/C++ Program Compilation
Creating, Compiling and Running Your Program
Creating the programn
Compilationn
Running the programn m
The C Compilation Model
The Preprocessorn
C Compilern
Assemblern
Link Editorn
Some Useful Compiler Optionsn
m l
Programming in C
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Using Librariesn
UNIX Library Functionsn
Finding Information about Library Functionsn
Lint -- A C program verifierm
Exercisesm
C Basics
History of Cm
Characteristics of Cm
C Program Structurem
Variables
Defining Global Variablesn
Printing Out and Inputting Variablesn m
Constantsm
Arithmetic Operationsm
Comparison Operatorsm
Logical Operatorsm
Order of Precedencem
Exercisesm l
Conditionals
The if statementm
The ? operatorm
The switch statementm
Exercisesm l
Looping and Iteration
The for statementm
The while statementm
The do-while statementm
break and continuem
Exercisesm l
Arrays and Strings
Single and Multi-dimensional Arraysm
l
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Stringsm
Exercisesm
Functions
void functionsm
Functions and Arraysm
Function Prototypingm
Exercisesm l
Further Data Types
Structures
Defining New Data Typesn m
Unionsm
Coercion or Type-Castingm
Enumerated Typesm
Static Variablesm
Exercisesm l
Pointers
What is a Pointer?m
Pointer and Functionsm
Pointers and Arraysm
Arrays of Pointersm
Multidimensional arrays and pointersm
Static Initialisation of Pointer Arraysm
Pointers and Structuresm
Common Pointer Pitfalls
Not assigning a pointer to memory address before using itn
Illegal indirectionn m
Exercisem l
Dynamic Memory Allocation and Dynamic Structures
Malloc, Sizeof, and Freem
Calloc and Reallocm
Linked Listsm
l
Programming in C
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Full Program: queue.cm
Exercisesm
Advanced Pointer Topics
Pointers to Pointersm
Command line inputm
Pointers to a Functionm
Exercisesm l
Low Level Operators and Bit Fields
Bitwise Operatorsm
Bit Fields
Bit Fields: Practical Examplen
A note of caution: Portabilityn m
Exercisesm l
The C Preprocessor
#definem #undefm #includem #if -- Conditional inclusionm
Preprocessor Compiler Controlm
Other Preprocessor Commandsm
Exercisesm l
C, UNIX and Standard Libraries
Advantages of using UNIX with Cm
Using UNIX System Calls and Library Functionsm l Integer Functions, Random Number, String Conversion, Searching and
Sorting:
Arithmetic Functionsm
Random Numbersm
String Conversionm
Searching and Sortingm
Exercisesm l
Mathematics: l
Programming in C
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Math Functionsm
Math Constantsm
Input and Output (I/O):stdio.h
Reporting Errors
perror()n errnon exit()n m
Streams
Predefined Streams
Redirectionn n m
Basic I/Om
Formatted I/O
Printfn m
scanfm Files
Reading and writing filesn m
sprintf and sscanf
Stream Status Enquiriesn m
Low Level I/Om
Exercisesm l
String Handling:
Basic String Handling Functions
String Searchingn m
Character conversions and testing: ctype.hm
Memory Operations: m
Exercisesm l
File Access and Directory System Calls
Directory handling functions:
Scanning and Sorting Directories:
, n m File Manipulation Routines: unistd.h, sys/types.h, sys/stat.h File Accessn
m l Programming in C
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File Manipulation:stdio.h, unistd.hn
Creating Temporary FIles:n
Exercisesm
Time Functions
Basic time functionsm
Example time applications
Example 1: Time (in seconds) to perform some computationn Example 2: Set a random number seedn m
Exercisesm l
Process Control: ,
Running UNIX Commands from Cm
execl()m fork()m wait()m exit()m Exerisesm l
Interprocess Communication (IPC), Pipes
Piping in a C program: m
popen() -- Formatted Pipingm pipe() -- Low level Pipingm Exercisesm l
IPC:Interrupts and Signals:
Sending Signals -- kill(), raise()m
Signal Handling -- signal()m
sig_talk.c -- complete example programm Other signal functionsm l
IPC:Message Queues:
Initialising the Message Queuem
IPC Functions, Key Arguments, and Creation Flags: m l Programming in C
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C/ (7 of 16) [25/03/2002 10:35:59] Controlling message queuesm
Sending and Receiving Messagesm
POSIX Messages: m
Example: Sending messages between two processes
message_send.c -- creating and sending to a simple message queue n message_rec.c -- receiving the above messagen m Some further example message queue programs
msgget.c: Simple Program to illustrate msget()n msgctl.cSample Program to Illustrate msgctl()n msgop.c: Sample Program to Illustrate msgsnd() and msgrcv() n m Exercisesm
IPC:Semaphores
Initializing a Semaphore Setm
Controlling Semaphoresm
Semaphore Operationsm
POSIX Semaphores: m
semaphore.c: Illustration of simple semaphore passingm Some further example semaphore programs
semget.c: Illustrate the semget() functionn semctl.c: Illustrate the semctl() functionn semop() Sample Program to Illustrate semop()n m Exercisesm l
IPC:Shared Memory
Accessing a Shared Memory Segment
Controlling a Shared Memory Segmentn m
Attaching and Detaching a Shared Memory Segmentm
Example two processes comunicating via shared memory: shm_server.c, shm_client.c shm_server.cn shm_client.cn m l Programming in C
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C/ (8 of 16) [25/03/2002 10:35:59] POSIX Shared Memorym
Mapped memory
Address Spaces and Mappingn
Coherencen
Creating and Using Mappingsn
Other Memory Control Functionsn m
Some further example shared memory programs
shmget.c:Sample Program to Illustrate shmget()n shmctl.c: Sample Program to Illustrate shmctl()n shmop.c: Sample Program to Illustrate shmat() and shmdt() n m Exercisesm
IPC:Sockets
Socket Creation and Namingm
Connecting Stream Socketsm
Stream Data Transfer and Closingm
Datagram socketsm
Socket Optionsm
Example Socket
Programs:socket_server.c,socket_client
socket_server.cn socket_client.cn m Exercisesm l
Threads: Basic Theory and Libraries
Processes and Threads
Benefits of Threads vs Processesn
Multithreading vs. Single threadingn
Some Example applications of threadsn m
Thread Levels
User-Level Threads (ULT)n
Kernel-Level Threads (KLT)n
Combined ULT/KLT Approachesn m
l Programming in C
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The POSIX Threads Library:libpthread,
Creating a (Default) Threadn
Wait for Thread Terminationn
A Simple Threads Examplen
Detaching a Threadn
Create a Key for Thread-Specific Datan
Delete the Thread-Specific Data Keyn
Set the Thread-Specific Data Keyn
Get the Thread-Specific Data Keyn
Global and Private Thread-Specific Data Examplen
Getting the Thread Identifiersn
Comparing Thread IDsn
Initializing Threadsn
Yield Thread Executionn
Set the Thread Priorityn
Get the Thread Priorityn
Send a Signal to a Threadn
Access the Signal Mask of the Calling Threadn
Terminate a Threadn m
Solaris Threads:
Unique Solaris Threads Functions
Suspend Thread Executionn
Continue a Suspended Threadn
Set Thread Concurrency Leveln
Readers/Writer Locksn
Readers/Writer Lock Examplen n
Similar Solaris Threads Functions
Create a Threadn
Get the Thread Identifiern
Yield Thread Executionn
n m Programming in C
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C/ (10 of 16) [25/03/2002 10:35:59] Signals and Solaris Threadsn
Terminating a Threadn
Creating a Thread-Specific Data Keyn
Example Use of Thread Specific Data:Rethinking
Global Variables
n Compiling a Multithreaded Application
Preparing for Compilationn
Debugging a Multithreaded Programn m
Further Threads Programming:Thread Attributes (POSIX) Attributesm
Initializing Thread Attributesm
Destroying Thread Attributesm
Thread's Detach Statem
Thread's Set Scopem
Thread Scheduling Policy
Thread Inherited Scheduling Policyn
Set Scheduling Parametersn m
Thread Stack Size
Building Your Own Thread Stackn m l
Further Threads Programming:Synchronization
Mutual Exclusion Locks
Initializing a Mutex Attribute Objectn
Destroying a Mutex Attribute Objectn
The Scope of a Mutexn
Initializing a Mutexn
Locking a Mutex
Lock with a Nonblocking Mutexn n
Destroying a Mutexn
Mutex Lock Code Examples
Mutex Lock Examplen
Using Locking Hierarchies: Avoiding Deadlockn n
Nested Locking with a Singly Linked Listn
m l Programming in C
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Condition Variable Attributes
Initializing a Condition Variable Attributen
Destoying a Condition Variable Attributen
The Scope of a Condition Variablen
Initializing a Condition Variablen
Block on a Condition Variablen
Destroying a Condition Variable Staten
Solaris Condition Variablesn m
Threads and Semaphores
POSIX Semaphoresn
Basic Solaris Semaphore Functionsn m
Thread programming examples
Using thr_create() and thr_join()m
Arraysm
Deadlockm
Signal Handlerm
Interprocess Synchronizationm
The Producer / Consumer Problemm
A Socket Serverm
Using Many Threadsm
Real-time Thread Examplem
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[PDF] C Programming Tutorial