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C Programming Tutorial
iC PROGRAMMING TUTORIAL
Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com
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content contains some errors, please contact us at webmaster@tutorialspoint.com iiiTable of Contents
C Language Overview .............................................................. 1Facts about C ............................................................................................... 1
Why to use C ? ............................................................................................. 2
C Programs .................................................................................................. 2
C Environment Setup ............................................................... 3Text Editor ................................................................................................... 3
The C Compiler ............................................................................................ 3
Installation on Unix/Linux ............................................................................. 4
Installation on Mac OS .................................................................................. 4
Installation on Windows ............................................................................... 4
C Program Structure ................................................................ 5C Hello World Example ................................................................................. 5
Compile & Execute C Program ....................................................................... 6
C Basic Syntax ......................................................................... 7Tokens in C .................................................................................................. 7
Semicolons ; ................................................................................................ 7
Comments ................................................................................................... 8
Identifiers .................................................................................................... 8
Keywords .................................................................................................... 8
Whitespace in C ........................................................................................... 9
C Data Types ......................................................................... 10Integer Types ............................................................................................. 10
Floating-Point Types ................................................................................... 11
The void Type ............................................................................................ 12
C Variables ............................................................................ 13 Variable Declaration in C ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Variable Initialization in C ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.Lvalues and Rvalues in C ............................................................................. 15
C Constants and Literals ........................................................ 17Integer literals ............................................................................................ 17
Floating-point literals .................................................................................. 18
Character constants .................................................................................... 18
iiiString literals .............................................................................................. 19
Defining Constants ..................................................................................... 19
The #define Preprocessor ...................................................................... 19The const Keyword ................................................................................. 20
C Storage Classes ................................................................. 22The auto Storage Class ................................................................................ 22
The register Storage Class ........................................................................... 22
The static Storage Class ............................................................................... 23
The extern Storage Class ............................................................................. 24
C Operators ........................................................................... 25Arithmetic Operators .................................................................................. 25
Relational Operators................................................................................... 26
Logical Operators ....................................................................................... 28
Bitwise Operators ....................................................................................... 29
Assignment Operators ................................................................................ 31
Misc Operators հ sizeof & ternary .............................................................. 33
Operators Precedence in C .......................................................................... 33
Decision Making in C.............................................................. 35if statement ............................................................................................... 36
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 36
Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 36
Example .................................................................................................. 36
if...else statement ...................................................................................... 37
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 37
Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 38
Example .................................................................................................. 38
The if...else if...else Statement ..................................................................... 39
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 39
Example .................................................................................................. 39
Nested if statements .................................................................................. 40
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 40
Example .................................................................................................. 40
switch statement ....................................................................................... 41
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 41
Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 42
Example .................................................................................................. 42
Nested switch statements ........................................................................... 43
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 43
Example .................................................................................................. 43
iiiThe ? : Operator ......................................................................................... 44
C Loops .................................................................................. 45while loop in C ........................................................................................... 46
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 46
Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 46
Example .................................................................................................. 47
for loop in C ............................................................................................... 47
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 47
Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 48
Example .................................................................................................. 48
do...while loop in C ..................................................................................... 49
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 49
Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 50
Example .................................................................................................. 50
nested loops in C ........................................................................................ 51
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 51
Example .................................................................................................. 52
break statement in C .................................................................................. 53
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 53
Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 53
Example .................................................................................................. 54
continue statement in C .............................................................................. 54
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 54
Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 55
Example .................................................................................................. 55
goto statement in C .................................................................................... 56
Syntax ..................................................................................................... 56
Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 56
Example .................................................................................................. 57
The Infinite Loop ........................................................................................ 57
C Functions ............................................................................ 59Defining a Function .................................................................................... 59
Example .................................................................................................. 60
Function Declarations ................................................................................. 60
Calling a Function ....................................................................................... 60
Function Arguments ................................................................................... 61
Function call by value ............................................................................. 62
Function call by reference ....................................................................... 63
C Scope Rules ....................................................................... 65 iiiLocal Variables ........................................................................................... 65
Global Variables ......................................................................................... 66
Formal Parameters ..................................................................................... 67
Initializing Local and Global Variables ........................................................... 67
C Arrays ................................................................................. 69Declaring Arrays ......................................................................................... 69
Initializing Arrays ........................................................................................ 70
Accessing Array Elements ............................................................................ 70
Multi-dimensional Arrays ............................................................................ 71
Two-Dimensional Arrays ............................................................................. 71
Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays .............................................................. 72
Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements ................................................. 72 Passing Arrays as Function Arguments .......................................................... 73Way-1 ...................................................................................................... 73
Way-2 ...................................................................................................... 74
Way-3 ....................................................................................................... 74
Example .................................................................................................. 74
Return array from function.......................................................................... 75
Pointer to an Array ..................................................................................... 77
C Pointers .............................................................................. 79What Are Pointers? .................................................................................... 80
How to use Pointers? .................................................................................. 80
NULL Pointers in C ...................................................................................... 81
Pointer arithmetic ...................................................................................... 81
Incrementing a Pointer ............................................................................... 82
Decrementing a Pointer .............................................................................. 83
Pointer Comparisons .................................................................................. 83
Array of pointers ........................................................................................ 84
Pointer to Pointer ....................................................................................... 86
Passing pointers to functions ....................................................................... 87
Return pointer from functions ..................................................................... 88
C Strings ................................................................................ 91 C Structures ........................................................................... 94Defining a Structure .................................................................................... 94
Accessing Structure Members ..................................................................... 95 Structures as Function Arguments ............................................................... 96Pointers to Structures ................................................................................. 97
C Unions .............................................................................. 100Defining a Union ...................................................................................... 100
iii Accessing Union Members ........................................................................ 101 Bit Fields .............................................................................. 103Bit Field Declaration ................................................................................. 104
Typedef ................................................................................ 106typedef vs #define .................................................................................... 107
Input & Output ...................................................................... 108The Standard Files .................................................................................... 108
The getchar() & putchar() functions ........................................................... 108The gets() & puts() functions ..................................................................... 109
The scanf() and printf() functions ............................................................... 110
File I/O ................................................................................. 111Opening Files ........................................................................................... 111
Closing a File ............................................................................................ 112
Writing a File ........................................................................................... 112
Reading a File........................................................................................... 113
Binary I/O Functions ................................................................................. 114
Preprocessors ...................................................................... 115Preprocessors Examples ............................................................................ 115
Predefined Macros ................................................................................... 116
Preprocessor Operators ............................................................................ 117
Macro Continuation (\) .......................................................................... 117
Stringize (#) ........................................................................................... 117
Token Pasting (##)................................................................................ 118
The defined() Operator ......................................................................... 118Parameterized Macros .............................................................................. 119
Header Files ......................................................................... 120Include Syntax .......................................................................................... 120
Include Operation .................................................................................... 121
Once-Only Headers .................................................................................. 121
Computed Includes................................................................................... 122
Type Casting ........................................................................ 123Integer Promotion .................................................................................... 124
Usual Arithmetic Conversion ..................................................................... 124
Error Handling ...................................................................... 126The errno, perror() and strerror() ............................................................... 126
Divide by zero errors ................................................................................ 127
Program Exit Status .................................................................................. 128
Recursion ............................................................................. 129Number Factorial ..................................................................................... 129
iiiFibonacci Series ....................................................................................... 130
Variable Arguments .............................................................. 131 Memory Management .......................................................... 133 Allocating Memory Dynamically ................................................................. 133 Resizing and Releasing Memory ................................................................. 134 Command Line Arguments ................................................... 136TUTORIALS POINT
Simply Easy Learning Page 1
C Language Overview
This chapter describes the basic details about C programming language, how it emerged, what are strengths of C and why we should use C. The C programming language is a general-purpose, high-level language that was originally developed by Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs. C was originally first implemented on the DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972. In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie produced the first publicly available description of C, now known as the K&R standard. The UNIX operating system, the C compiler, and essentially all UNIX applications programs have been written in C. The C has now become a widely used professional language for various reasons.Easy to learn
Structured language
It produces efficient programs.
It can handle low-level activities.
It can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms.Facts about C
C was invented to write an operating system called UNIX. C is a successor of B language, which was introduced around 1970. The language was formalized in 1988 by the American National Standard Institute. (ANSI).The UNIX OS was totally written in C by 1973.
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TUTORIALS POINT
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Today, C is the most widely used and popular System Programming Language. Most of the state-of-the-art softwares have been implemented using C. Today's most ][popular Linux OS and RBDMS MySQL have been written in C.Why to use C?
C was initially used for system development work, in particular the programs that make up the operating system. C was adopted as a system development language because it produces code that runs nearly as fast as code written in assembly language. Some examples of the use of C might be:Operating Systems
Language Compilers
Assemblers
Text Editors
Print Spoolers
Network Drivers
Modern Programs
Databases
Language Interpreters
Utilities
C Programs
A C program can vary from 3 lines to millions of lines and it should be written into one or more text files with extension ".c"; for example, hello.c. You can use "vi", "vim" or any other text editor to write your C program into a file. This tutorial assumes that you know how to edit a text file and how to write source code using any programming language.TUTORIALS POINT
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C Environment Setup
This section describes how to set up your system environment before you start doing your programming using C language. Before you start doing programming using C programming language, you need the following two softwares available on your computer, (a) Text Editor and (b) The C Compiler.Text Editor
This will be used to type your program. Examples of few editors include Windows Notepad, OS Edit command, Brief, Epsilon, EMACS, and vim or vi. Name and version of text editor can vary on different operating systems. For example, Notepad will be used on Windows, and vim or vi can be used on windows as well as Linux or UNIX.The files you create with your editor are called source files and contain program source
code. The source files for C programs are typically named with the extension ³.c´. Before starting your programming, make sure you have one text editor in place and you have enough experience to write a computer program, save it in a file, compile it and finally execute it.