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1INDIGENOUSPLACENAMES:

ANINTRODUCTION

LuiseHercusandJaneSimpson

1INTRODUCTION'

set

Indigenousplacenamenetworks),andtheset

oftheofficialplacenamesofAustralia, tonamesforStatesandthecountryitself. varyinginaccuracy examples placenames(butseeHercus'spaper tohavebeengenuineplacenames).

Theways

to,thenetworksthattheyform,andtherights tobestowalofnamesdiffergreatlyfrom to haddifferentviews ofplaces,andthusofownershipofplaces.

AUSTRALEXconference,University

17April

2000.

L.HercusandJ.Simpson

2LuiseHercusandJaneSimpson

andonenvironment.Thepapersinthisvolumeattempttoaddressthevariation within

Indigenoustoponymicpractices,aswell

theSydneyarea(Troy1994).One 2

Suchincorporationof

Indigenousplacenames

(1988:67)fordiscussion expressedthedesire wroteinanessayonAborigines: theirancienthome.

Tunbridgeurgedtheimportance

placenames,andalso oftheseweretakenintotheintroduced ofthecoloniststohonourfriendsand theloss ofabout50suchprojects recordingplacesandIndigenousnames excludesmany andmapped

LandRights(NorthernTerritory)Act

1976,andmorerecentlyofNativeTitleclaims

israrely ofIndigenous intellectualproperty. Some ofSouthAustralia,andDixon(1991)lists about area.

Indigenollsplacenames:anintroduction3

(HendersonandNash1997). In tocompileanationalIndigenous withtheestablishment byoneoftheeditorsofthisvolume, forthispublication. is,on togetveryrichdataon ofthenamedfeature,but also andPatrickMcConveIldoes

Anotheraspect

use

YirritjaandDhuwagroups

discussion upbyBaker(thisvolume)forthe ofCentralAustralia.Wilkinsalso highlightsthesignificance transmission canseethediversity underthreat,and,whenmemoriesarefading,it ispmiicularlyurgentthatthenetworksshould beatleastrecorded.

4LuiseHercusandJaneSimpson

Photo:C.Macdonald

intraditional

LowerSouthernArrerntecountry.Thesite

namedonmaps.

I:100000Alinertasheet,which

Itisa piece forgottenmyth women'ssiteontheMacumba.He outthathejustmanages tolifeanditisa pitythattheplace ofthe ofthat network

Europeans,suchas

centurybutnotadopted

Indigenousplacenames:anintroduction5

reconstruction documentation environments,sothat,withdueconsideration ofthediversityofIndigenoustoponymic practices,extrapolation culturalconsiderations ofnamesfor attherequest ofanoldBardimanwhowasworriedthat youngerpeoplewerelosingthe

So,last

centuryKaumapeopleusedplacenameslike

KaurnaforUraidla

of callingtowncampsbythenames wasusedbytheKaumapeople ofatownnearby.Europeanswere notalwaysconscious placenamesfromonearea anothercommemoration;apparentlytheplace thatwontheMelbourne

Wan'amungagoldfields

aftertheWarumungn,thetraditionalowners (Cameron1996).Thisnamewasthentakenup inthe1960sasthenameofaTennantCreek discussionclub,the none ofwhomwereWarumunguwomen.

Theextremeend

Adelaidesuburb

Creekmoreaware

ClubareheldinTF140,archives

6LuiseHercusandJaneSimpson

furtherexamples).Thelack 1956
namecombiningthenames spelled

Walesplacenameslike

NarrabriandBoggabri.'

someroses.Thecaptionwas:

Timothyand

of mymother,andKaumathislandofmyfather. neither example:anAboriginaloutstationneara

Miyilpurnuru'crow'siteinTennantCreekhas

beencalled

Brunette

Downs ofthesekindsof

Indigenousnetworks.Thedifficulties

papers.

Tunbridgenotonlystressedtheimportance

ofdocumentingtheIndigenousplacename network.Shealsoemphasisedtheimportance ofassigningIndigenousplacenamesto &Nash1997).Tunbridgealso when,atGovernorGawler'srequest, thename

Field'sRiverforariversouthofAdelaidewas

ofOnkaparinga'(Hawker

1975:41)6

tothesea). N

Starvation.r

Dam: ,I I I\ ,\II l,tI I,JI .-....,I 'r·'--,... l'

Indigenousplacenames:anintroduction7

LOCATIONMAP

kilometres

Map1:MountPurvisandsurroundingarea

8LlliseHercllsandJaneSimpson

discourtesy system thedesirability country(53J gully cutbacktothetop contrastwiththedarkerbrown forgotten,theAncestor ofthisplaceanditsnamethat: gentleman.(cited inCleland1952fromCockburn1908:66) reinstatement ofIndigenousplacenamesmayhave sentimentalcachetandevenmarketvalue.Thus,newvineyardsinsouthern SouthAustralia

Indigenousplacenames:anintroduction9

notbeenspoken thatusinganamefromanAboriginallanguage tonameone'spropertygivestheillusionofa totheoriginalowners,and perhapsalsotheillusion withideas some reinstatement replacement instance, dualnamingforsome theSouthAustralianGeographicNamesBoard. But ignored.Thusin1999thetown

Aborigines andtowncampshadWarumungunames.

AsforAliceSprings,Petrick(1996)

30havetheirorigininanAboriginal

language,andthemajority wordsforfloraandfaunaapplied tostreets. ofthe people toassignnamesintheAnangu

Pitjan1jatjaralandsinthenorth-west

tofeatureswithout ofthe ofAboriginallanguages,as

ReinstatingIndigenousplacenames

toremedythis byusingwordsfromtheIndigenouslanguages asplacenames,sometimescommemoratively, sometimesbytakingwordsthatsoundgood tobothEuropeansandlocalAborigines,asReid paperalsoaddressesthedifficulties

Reinstatementandassignment

isthis:ifIndigenousnames inthepublicdomain.This providespublicrecognition

10LuiseHercusandJaneSimpson

ofthe suchas paper.

Theintellectualpropertyinvolved

inusingwordsorplacenamesfromIndigenous languages called

Koppamurrasincetheearlytwentieth

ofthenamesuggests thatit trademark islikelytobeawordof reinstated oflookingattheland, togetherwithaset areas introducedplacenamesystem,andtheset ofAustralianIndigenous languages.

PLACENAMES

placenamesformnetworks,howtheyact asmnemonics,whatusesaremadeoftheland,and whatcounts asasignificantfeature.

2.1SystemversussetofnetwOl'ks

ofcoordinatinga singleset wasthatoneplacemighthaveseveralnames. differentstrategiesforformingplacenames.

After1788,a singleofficialset

thisset

Indigenousplacenames:anintroductionII

thesingleofficialnetwork names havetheexclusiveright isclearlydemonstratedinTamisari'spaper.

2.2Localmnemonicsversusmnemotechnics

tosignificantgeographicfeaturesforthe purposes tootherpeople. placenameshavedevelopedorganically aslocalmnemonicstorefertoplaces.Thus,for example,theEnglishplacename toaburialmound ratherthan tothesettlement.

Whiletheorganicdevelopment

ofAustralia,theEnglishlocalmnemonics inmanyareasdo.Theinvention

Taplowwouldstarttobe

mappingreducedtheneed ofthenameandthe referent say,

England.

placenamesnetworks ofthe of

CapeYorkknowseveralthousandplacenames.

TheeffOli

name,seemsenonnous systems,themnemonicvalue

12LuiseHerCliSandJaneSimpson

is,andwhatitis like,theplacename womengo totheplaceWiitinandleavea coolamon.Thatisvisiblenowasawaterhole.

Wiitinmeans'coolamon'

digbushpotatoes. severalexcellentexamples activity-yellowochre asWilkins(this volume)pointsout,theplacenamesare itcanalsoact asMerlan(200I) concernsactions of

Thesequencing

toplaces(Wilkins,thisvolume).By places.Placesareconnectedbythestory.

However,thedreamingtrackmnemonic

that sequences volume)notes.Moreover,not mentionedabove

Sutton(thisvolume)observesthat

There placenamesin namesmay ofplacesareused.

Nash(inprep.)hasobservedtheimportance

oftoponymicgossip,talkingaboutplaces, retellingstories notestheimportance eachotherinnamingplaces.Related tothat

Indigenousplacenames:anintroduction13

2.3Usesmadeoftheland

placenamesystemshas ashouses,bridgesandroads.This hasanumber mnemonics.Onecanfindoutthename oftheplaceTaplowbyaskingthepeoplewholive donotknow,theycannotexpecttofind someonelivingtherewhowilltellthemthename oftheplace.Rather,theywillhavetorely onbeingable themthename oftheplace.

Thelack

havebeenclassified thechanginghabitation patterns camps,

INDIGENOUSINTRODUCED

..._..---

Kaurna:wodli'house,hut'Failfzeld

Tambawodli

'plain')endingin -ham.-by.-thO/p,-ton.

Piltawodli

theNativeLocation(pilta-cester. andthis

Bycontrast,Indigenousplacenames

habitationstructures placenamesthatmakeexplicitreference fonn combinewithgenericuses thantheideathataroute isthattakenbyanAncestralBeing.

However,peopleclearly

towhethertheextensionofnamesofsites 2.4

Whatcountsasasignificantfeature

A countsasasignificantfeature significantfeaturesforthepurpose inthecase mountainrisingout names,

14LuiseHerCllSandJaneSimpson

ofthe surroundingarea, isin thenaming notthewholecreek.'Thisistrueinmany parisofCentralAustraliaaswell.However,as ofCapeYork,generictermsforwordslike placenamesnetwork inmanyareastherewas requiredrapidlabelling suretheywererefening thetask forlocalities,

3.1Commemorationstrategies

Elder,JoannaSprings.

thename such placenamesnetworks(McConvell,thisvolume).Wehavecomeacross placesbearingthe personalname

Anexample

ofapersongivingtheirnametoasite withintheframeworkoftraditional namingisthat

Augustaandpicksupmoreonhisjourneynorth.

Heleavesbehindthemoreelderlyonesand

called turn ofthecentury.ApparentlytheverseandthesitebelongtoaDalhousie womanwhohad takenontheEuropeanname of'Jemima'. trading

Indigenousplacenames:anintroduction15

Butmuchmorecommonlywehaveseen thenameofaplaceusedasapersonalname.This

Australians

importantpart one'sownership place.Forexample,RonaldBerndt'sYaralditeacher, AlbertKarloan,hadaname oftheSnakeandStar

Dreamingusingthename

iselaboratedoninTamisari's paperdescribingtheYolngupracticesquotesdbs_dbs20.pdfusesText_26